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- ENCOURAGEing Results on ICT for Energy Efficient BuildingsPublication . Le Guilly, Thibaut; Skou, Arne; Olsen, Petur; Printz Madsen, Per; Albano, Michele; Ferreira, Luís Lino; Pinho, Luís Miguel; Casals, Miquel; Macarulla, Marcel; Gangolells, MartaThis paper presents how the ICT infrastructure developed in the European ENCOURAGE project, centered around a message oriented middleware, enabled energy savings in buildings and households. The components of the middleware, as well as the supervisory control strategy, are overviewed, to support the presentation of the results and how they could be achieved. The main results are presented on three of the pilots of the project, a first one consisting of a single household, a second one of a residential neighborhood, and a third one in a university campus.
- Energy Saving by Blockchaining MaintenancePublication . Albano, Michele; Sharma, Pankaj; Campos, Jaime; Jantunen, ErkkiThe development and interest in Industry 4.0 together with rapid development of Cyber Physical Systems has created magnificent opportunities to develop maintenance to a totally new level. The Maintenance 4.0 vision considers massive exploitation of information regarding factories and machines to improve maintenance efficiency and efficacy, for example by facilitating logistics of spare parts, but on the other hand this creates other logistics issues on the data itself, which only exacerbate data management issues that emerge when distributed maintenance platforms scale up. In fact, factories can be delocalized with respect to the data centers, where data has to be transferred to be processed. Moreover, any transaction needs communication, be it related to purchase of spare parts, sales contract, and decisions making in general, and it has to be verified by remote parties. Keeping in mind the current average level of Overall Equipment Efficiency (50%) i.e. there is a hidden factory behind every factory, the potential is huge. It is expected that most of this potential can be realised based on the use of the above named technologies, and relying on a new approach called blockchain technology, the latter aimed at facilitating data and transactions management. Blockchain supports logistics by a distributed ledger to record transactions in a verifiable and permanent way, thus removing the need for multiple remote parties to verify and store every transaction made, in agreement with the first “r” of maintenance (reduce, repair, reuse, recycle). Keeping in mind the total industrial influence on the consumption of natural resources, such as energy, the new technology advancements can allow for dramatic savings, and can deliver important contributions to the green economy that Europe aims for. The paper introduces the novel technologies that can support sustainability of manufacturing and industry at large, and proposes an architecture to bind together said technologies to realise the vision of Maintenance 4.0.
- Energy Consumption Awareness for Resource-Constrained Devices: Extension to FPGAPublication . Silva, Edgar M.; Maló, Pedro; Albano, MicheleThe devices running embedded applications tend to be battery-powered, and the energy efficiency of their operations is an important enabler for the wide adoption of the Internet-of-Things. Optimization of energy usage depends on modelling power consumption. A model-based simulation must consider parameters that depend on the device used, the operating system, and the distributed application under study. A realistic simulation thus depends on knowledge regarding how and when devices consume energy. This paper presents an approach to direct measurement of energy consumed in the different execution states of the device. We present the architecture and the measurement process that were implemented. We provide a reference architecture, whose constituent parts can be implemented in different manners, e.g. the processing unit of the device can be the chip on a mote, or an Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation. Details are given regarding the setup of the experimental tests, and a discussion of the results hints at which architecture is the best for each application under study. The presented methodology can be extended easily to new architectures and applications, to streamline the process of building realistic models of power consumption.
- Adaptive offloading for infotainment systemsPublication . Ferreira, Luís Lino; Pinho, Luís Miguel; Albano, Michele; Teixeira, CésarInfotainment applications in vehicles are currently supported both by the in-vehicle platform, as well as by user’s smart devices, such as smartphones and tablets. More and more the user expects that there is a continuous service of applications inside or outside of the vehicle, provided in any of these devices (a simple but common example is hands-free mobile phone calls provided by the vehicle platform). With the increasing complexity of ‘apps’, it is necessary to support increasing levels of Quality of Service (QoS), with varying resource requirements. Users may want to start listening to music in the smartphone, or video in the tablet, being this application transparently ‘moved’ into the vehicle when it is started. This paper presents an adaptable offloading mechanism, following a service-oriented architecture pattern, which takes into account the QoS requirements of the applications being executed when making decisions.
- Multidimensional Range Queries on Hierarchical Voronoi OverlaysPublication . Ferrucci, Luca; Ricci, Laura; Albano, Michele; Baraglia, Ranieri; Mordacchini, MatteoThe definition of a support for multi-attribute range queries is mandatory for highly distributed systems. Even if several solutions have been proposed in the last decade, most of them do not meet the requirements of recent platforms, like IoT or smart cities. The paper presents an approach that builds a multidimensional Voronoi graph by exploiting the attributes of the objects published by a node. Our solution overcomes the curse of dimensionality issue affecting Voronoi Tessellations in high dimensional spaces by defining a Voronoi hierarchy. The paper formally defines the structure, analysis the complexity of the operations and presents experimental results.
- The Arrowhead Framework architecturePublication . Delsing, Jerker; Varga, Pal; Ferreira, Luís Lino; Albano, Michele; Puñal Pereira, Pablo; Eliasson, Jens; Carlsson, Oscar; Derhamy, HasanThe objective of Arrowhead Framework architecture is to facilitate the creation of local automation clouds. Thus enabling local real time performance and security. Paired with simple and cheap engineering. While simultaneously enabling scalability through multi cloud interaction. The architecture addresses the move from large monolithic organisations towards multi-stakeholder cooperations where cooperation are fostered by market requirements. This is to support the high level topics in today’s society such as sustainability, flexibility, efficiency and competitiveness in production.
- QoS-as-a-Service in the Local CloudPublication . Lino Ferreira, Luis; Albano, Michele; Delsing, JerkerThis paper presents an architecture that supports Quality of Service (QoS) in an Arrowhead-compliant System of Systems (SoS). The Arrowhead Framework support local cloud functionalities for automation applications, provided by means of a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), by offering a number of services that ease application development. On such applications the QoS guarantees are required for service fruition, and are themselves requested as services from the framework. To fulfil this objective we start by describing the Arrowhead architecture and the components needed to dynamically in run-time negotiate a system configuration that guarantees the QoS requirements between application services.
- Maintenance 4.0 World of Integrated InformationPublication . Jantunen, Erkki; di Orio, Giovanni; Hegedus, Csaba; Varga, Pal; Moldovan, Istvan; Larrinaga, Felix; Becker, Matthias; Albano, Michele; Maló, PedroThe Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) strategy has got new, powerful toolset recently: the concepts of Internet of Things (IoT) and CyberPhysical Systems (CPS). These can provide flexible but powerful data collection and analysis methods for Proactive and Predictive Maintenance. In the landscape of new digitalization and interconnection of products, services, processes, enterprises and people, IoT/CPS-based platforms are increasing in their size and target applications in a steady manner. Beside the fundamental research challenges regarding the reference architecture, interoperability, performance, quality and deployment issues, the challenges regarding system maintenance are also burning. There are various issues that are specific to the maintenance domain: interoperability and data flow management, data representation models, and data processing models and tools. The paper describes a maintenance reference architecture and platform, which aims to tackle all these challenges. The architecture suggested by the MANTIS project covers edge and cloud level interoperability, data flow management, and data processing issues. Furthermore, it provides domain-specific methods for root cause analysis, failure prediction, and models for predicting remaining useful life. The architecture is strengthened by the concept of MIMOSA, a data model definition that allows data representation models that are easy to fit into relational object and information management models required by CBM. The MANTIS platform utilizes the Arrowhead framework for tackling interoperability and integrability issues.
- CANDi: context-aware node discovery for short-range cooperationPublication . Alam, Muhammad; Albano, Michele; Radwan, Ayman; Rodriguez, JonathanMulti-standard mobile devices are allowing users to enjoy higher data rates with ubiquitous connectivity. However, the benefits gained from multiple interfaces come at an expense—that being higher energy consumption in an era where mobile devices need to be energy compliant. One promising solution is the usage of short-range cooperative communication as an overlay for infrastructure-based networks taking advantage of its context information. However, the node discovery mechanism, which is pivotal to the bearer establishment process, still represents a major burden in terms of the total energy budget. In this paper, we propose a technology agnostic approach towards enhancing the MAC energy ratings by presenting a context-aware node discovery (CANDi) algorithm, which provides a priori knowledge towards the node discovery mechanism by allowing it to search nodes in the near vicinity at the ‘right time and at the right place’. We describe the different beacons required for establishing the cooperation, as well as the context information required, including battery level, modes, location and so on. CANDi uses the long-range network (WiMAX and WiFi) to distribute the context information about cooperative clusters (Ultra-wideband-based) in the vicinity. The searching nodes can use this context in locating the cooperative clusters/nodes, which facilitates the establishing of short-range connections. Analytical and simulation results are obtained, and the energy saving gains are further demonstrated in the laboratory using a customised testbed. CANDi saves up to 50% energy during the node discovery process, while the demonstrative testbed shows up to 75% savings in the total energy budget, thus validating the algorithm, as well as providing viable evidence to support the usage of short-range cooperative communications for energy savings.
- A module for the XDense architecture in ns-3Publication . Loureiro, João; Albano, Michele; Cerqueira, Tiago; Rangarajan, Raghuraman; Tovar, EduardoThe acquisition of data regarding some dynamic phenomena can require extremely dense deployments of sensors and high sampling rates. We propose XDense [1], a wired mesh grid sensor network architecture (see Figure 1a) tailored for scenarios that benefit from thousands of sensors per square meter. XDense has scalable network topology and it enables complex feature extraction in real-time from the observed phenomena, by exploiting distributed processing capabilities and inter-node communication, the latter being represented in Figure 1b.