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- Current advancements on maintenance for household appliancesPublication . Lino Ferreira, Luis; Albano, Michele; Rocha, Rafael; Costa, Miguel; Machado Silva, Ana; Silva, Marlos; Matos, Luísa; Afonso Landeck, JorgeThis communication describes research and development directions that are being explored for the creation of a maintenance system for home appliances. The solution will enable a faster and more accurate automation of after-sale services for home appliances. It will be based on three tiers: data acquisition, data analysis and business tiers. The communication provides a context for the work, both regarding the application area in general and the three tiers, and then describes the objectives of the system being designed.
- Convergence to the European Energy Policy in European countries: case studies and comparisonPublication . Teixeira, César; Albano, Michele; Skou, Arne; Dueñas, Lara Pérez; Antonacci, Francesco; Ferreira, Rodrigo; Pedersen, Keld Lotzfeldt; Scalari, SandraPurpose – Our paper aims at analyzing how different European countries cope with the European Energy Policy, which proposes a set of measures (free energy market, smart meters, energy certificates) to improve energy utilization and management in Europe. Design/methodology/approach – The paper first reports the general vision, regulations and goals set up by Europe to implement the European Energy Policy. Later on, it performs an analysis of how some European countries are coping with the goals, with financial, legal, economical and regulatory measures. Finally, the paper draws a comparison between the countries to present a view on how Europe is responding to the emerging energy emergency of the modern world. Findings – Our analysis on different use cases (countries) showed that European countries are converging to a common energy policy, even though some countries appear to be later than others In particular, Southern European countries were slowed down by the world financial and economical crisis. Still, it appears that contingency plans were put into action, and Europe as a whole is proceeding steadily towards the common vision. Research limitations/implications – European countries are applying yet more cuts to financing green technologies, and it is not possible to predict clearly how each country will evolve its support to the European energy policy. Practical implications – Different countries applied the concepts and measures in different ways. The implementation of the European energy policy has to cope with the resulting plethora of regulations, and a company proposing enhancement regarding energy management still has to possess robust knowledge of the single country, before being able to export experience and know-how between European countries. Originality/Value – Even though a few surveys on energy measures in Europe are already part of the state-of-the-art, organic analysis diagonal to the different topics of the European Energy Policy is missing. Moreover, this paper highlights how European countries are converging on a common view, and provides some details on the differences between the countries, thus facilitating parties interesting into cross-country export of experience and technology for energy management.
- Energy Consumption Awareness for Resource-Constrained Devices: Extension to FPGAPublication . Silva, Edgar M.; Maló, Pedro; Albano, MicheleThe devices running embedded applications tend to be battery-powered, and the energy efficiency of their operations is an important enabler for the wide adoption of the Internet-of-Things. Optimization of energy usage depends on modelling power consumption. A model-based simulation must consider parameters that depend on the device used, the operating system, and the distributed application under study. A realistic simulation thus depends on knowledge regarding how and when devices consume energy. This paper presents an approach to direct measurement of energy consumed in the different execution states of the device. We present the architecture and the measurement process that were implemented. We provide a reference architecture, whose constituent parts can be implemented in different manners, e.g. the processing unit of the device can be the chip on a mote, or an Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation. Details are given regarding the setup of the experimental tests, and a discussion of the results hints at which architecture is the best for each application under study. The presented methodology can be extended easily to new architectures and applications, to streamline the process of building realistic models of power consumption.
- Convergence of Smart Grid ICT architectures for the last milePublication . Albano, Michele; Ferreira, Luís Lino; Pinho, Luís MiguelThe evolution of the electrical grid into a smart grid, allowing user production, storage and exchange of energy, remote control of appliances, and in general optimizations over how the energy is managed and consumed, is also an evolution into a complex Information and Communication Technology (ICT) system. With the goal of promoting an integrated and interoperable smart grid, a number of organizations all over the world started uncoordinated standardization activities, which caused the emergence of a large number of incompatible architectures and standards. There are now new standardization activities which have the goal of organizing existing standards and produce best practices to choose the right approach(es) to be employed in specific smart grid designs. This paper follows the lead of NIST and ETSI/CEN/CENELEC approaches in trying to provide taxonomy of existing solutions; our contribution reviews and relates current ICT state-of-the-art, with the objective of forecasting future trends based on the orientation of current efforts and on relationships between them. The resulting taxonomy provides guidelines for further studies of the architectures, and highlights how the standards in the last mile of the smart grid are converging to common solutions to improve ICT infrastructure interoperability.
- Replication vs erasure coding in data centric storage for wireless sensor networksPublication . Albano, Michele; Chessa, StefanoIn-network storage of data in wireless sensor networks contributes to reduce the communications inside the network and to favor data aggregation. In this paper, we consider the use of n out of m codes and data dispersal in combination to in-network storage. In particular, we provide an abstract model of in-network storage to show how n out of m codes can be used, and we discuss how this can be achieved in five cases of study. We also define a model aimed at evaluating the probability of correct data encoding and decoding, we exploit this model and simulations to show how, in the cases of study, the parameters of the n out of m codes and the network should be configured in order to achieve correct data coding and decoding with high probability.
- Sensors: the Enablers for Proactive Maintenance in the Real WorldPublication . Albano, Michele; Ferreira, Luís Lino; di Orio, Giovanni; Maló, Pedro; Webers, Godfried; Jantunen, Erkki; Gabilondok, Iosu; Viguera, Mikel; Papa, Gregor; Novak, FrancNowadays, collecting complex information regarding a machine status is the enabler for advanced maintenance activities, and one of the main players in this process is the sensor. This paper describes modern maintenance strategies that lead to Proactive Maintenance (PM), which is the most advanced one. The paper discusses the sensors that can be used to support maintenance, as pertaining to different categories, spanning from common off-the-shelf sensors, to specialized sensors monitoring very specific characteristics, and to virtual sensors. The paper proceeds then to detail three different real world examples of project pilots that make use of the described sensors, and draws a comparison between them. In particular, each scenario has got unique characteristics and prefers different families of sensors, but on the other hand provides similar characteristics on other aspects. In fact, the paper concludes with a discussion regarding how each scenario can benefit from PM and from advanced sensing.
- Arrowhead Framework core systems and servicesPublication . Delsing, Jerker; Eliasson, Jens; Albano, Michele; Varga, Pal; Ferreira, Luís Lino; Derhamy, Hasan; Hegedus, Csaba; Puñal Pereira, Pablo; Carlsson, OscarIn chapter 2 local clouds was discussed followed by a local cloud automation architecture in chapter 3. The automation architecture supports the implementation of local automation clouds. Such implementation is supported by the Arrowhead Framework and its core Systems and Services. The Arrowhead Framework core systems enables the creation and operation of local clouds. First implementation of these systems and their services are described in detail in this chapter. There currently are two types of core services within the Arrowhead Framework: - Mandatory core systems - needed to establish the minimal local cloud - Automation support core systems – extending local cloud capabilities intending to provide support for the design and operation of local automation clouds an interaction between local clouds.
- Application system and services: design and implementation - a cook bookPublication . Delsing, Jerker; Albano, Michele; Ferreira, Luís Lino; Blomstedt, Frederik; Olovsson, Per; Varga, PalIn previous chapters local automation clouds and a SOA based architecture supporting the design and implementation of IoT based automation systems. This chapter is devoted to design and implement of application services. The ambition is to discuss: • Design of an Arrowhead Framework system • Implementation of such system and its services • Interoperability test
- Energy Consumption Awareness for Resource-Constrained DevicesPublication . Silva, Edgar; Maló, Pedro; Albano, MicheleThe devices running embedded applications tend to be battery-powered, and the energy efficiency of their operations is an important enabler for the wide adoption of the Internetof-Things. Optimization of energy usage depends on modelling power consumption. A model-based simulation must consider parameters that depend on the device used, the operating system, and the distributed application under study. A realistic simulation thus depends on knowledge regarding how and when devices consume energy. Direct measurement in wireless sensors is a common approach to evaluate the power consumed by the embedded devices in their different execution states. This paper presents an approach to direct measurement of consumed energy. We present the architecture and the measurement process that were implemented. Details are given regarding the setup of the experimental tests, and a discussion of the results hints at which architecture is the best for each application under study. The presented methodology can be easily extended to new architectures and applications, to streamline the process of building realistic models of power consumption.
- The Industrial Internet of ThingsPublication . Albano, Michele; Silva, José Bruno; Lino Ferreira, LuisThe application of the Internet of Things to manufacturing is the driving force of the new industrial revolution (Industrie 4.0). In fact, most activities in the manufacturing industry can benefit from the data collected in the context of the industrial process. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), whose pillars are the usage of IP communication between the devices and making the devices accessible through the Internet, can maximize the benefits of the information by the integration between multiple data sources, and by the ubiquitous fruition of the information itself. It is common belief that IIoT will transform companies and countries, opening up a new era of economic growth and competitiveness, since it has great potential for improving quality control, sustainable and green practices, supply chain traceability, and maintenance of the user in the loop. Anyway, a number of challenges arise in this context, related for example to adaptability and scalability, real-time communication and QoS, and system deployment and management. A communication middleware can support the IIoT vision by coping with these issues. This talk introduces the IIoT, discusses its benefits and challenges, and presents communication middleware developed in different sub-areas of IIoT (service-oriented industrial informatics [1], smart grids [2], maintenance of industrial machines [3]) that enable the IIoT vision.