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- Valorisation of pomegranate surpluses by fermentation and evaluation of its antioxidant activityPublication . Dourado, Beatriz; Ribeiro, Tatiana; Barreiros, Luísa; Barreiros, LuisaFruits are antioxidants’ natural sources, having numerous therapeutic properties. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) stands out for its high antioxidant activity. Nevertheless, its consumption and processing generate by-products such surpluses of whole fruit or isolated parts. This waste can be valued by microbial fermentation, that improves bioavailability and functional properties, allowing its reutilization for food purposes, as dietary supplements and cosmetic products. This study aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activity of the products resulting from pomegranate fermentation. Four fermentation assays were carried out on pomegranate surpluses collected in the market, using the fruit autochthonous microorganisms and several isolated or mixed fruit parts (peels, seeds, membranes and pulp). Each assay was performed in duplicate and monitored until a reduced and stable pH value was attained. The antioxidant activity was assessed using the FolinCiocalteu method, Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity method, and the total antioxidant capacity using 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method. Analysing the results of the three methods, pomegranate by-products were found to have antioxidant activity under all the conditions tested. Samples with peel and membranes showed the highest antioxidant activity (213.08-607.79 µmol/g), followed by the mixture of pulp, seeds and membranes (7.77-30.51 µmol/g), and the lowest activity was observed with only pulp (1.917.03 µmol/g). This study promotes a sustainable approach to use surpluses resulting from food waste and fruit processing industries, indicating the possibility of economically valuing them as functional resources in the pharmaceutical and food industry.
- A review of in vitro and in vivo studies on the therapeutic potential of piperine in breast cancerPublication . Pereira, Carla; Pinho, Cláudia; Correia, Patrícia; Pinho, Cláudia; Correia, Patrícia Carla dos Santos CorreiaBreast cancer is the most prevalent neoplasm among Portuguese women. Therefore, more effective and less toxic therapeutic approaches are necessary. Piperine, an alkaloid found in black pepper (Piper nigrum), exhibits cytotoxic and chemoprotective properties [1]. To discuss the in vitro and in vivo effects of piperine on breast cancer cell lines and mice models. Methods: Literature review using the PubMed®, Science Direct® and Directory of Open Access Journals® databases and keywords “piperine”, “Piper nigrum”, ”breast cancer”, “cytotoxicity”, “cancer therapy”, “tumor growth inhibition”. In vitro and in vivo studies exploring the role of piperine in breast cancer were included; articles using analogues and plant extracts with compounds other than piperine were excluded. A total of 16 studies were included using different cancer cell lines (e.g. MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, 4T1, MCF-7, T-47D) and mice models. Piperine exerts an antitumor activity by inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and negatively modulating cell cycle regulatory proteins. When combined with conventional therapies, piperine may help reduce chemotherapy doses by overcoming drug resistance and minimizing chemotherapy-associated side effects [2,3]. A reduction in tumor size was observed with the intraperitoneal co-administration of piperine (0.1 to 50 mg/kg/day) and other drugs. Piperine may act both as an isolated cytotoxic agent and in combination with other therapeutics. However, the methodological heterogeneity of studies, along with the scarcity of clinical trials, underscores the need for further investigation to validate its clinical applicability and contribute to less invasive approaches.
- Aromatic and medicinal galactagogue plants: analysis of labelling information from online dietary supplementsPublication . Santos, Bruna; Lomba, Marta; Correia, Patrícia; Pinho, Cláudia; Correia, Patrícia Carla dos Santos Correia; Pinho, CláudiaBreast milk provides both physical and psychological benefits for the mother and the infant. In cases of insufficient milk production, plants with galactagogue properties are considered an option, with traditional reports supporting their use. To collect and analyze dietary supplements (DS) containing plants, sold online, with galactagogue indications. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted, using Google® platform to collect galactagogue DS in January 2025. Included criteria were DS for human use, DS with isolated or combined plants, stores selling DS. Labelling information, including active ingredients, indications for use, adverse reactions, interactions, and contraindications, was collected from the analysed DS. A total of 16 DS from 14 websites were included in the study (ten containing mixtures of plants and six containing a single plant). In total, 21 different plants were identified. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) (seven DS) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) (six DS) were the most commonly used. Information on contraindications, such as not recommended for pregnant women, children, or individuals with allergies (to fish, fish oil, or soy), or in cases of known hypersensitivity to some ingredient, was included in 12 DS (75.0%). Only three DS (18.8%) provided details on adverse reactions and two DS on potential interactions (12.5%). The DS analyzed exhibited variations in their composition. Standardized studies are needed to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of these supplements, as well as to validate the effectiveness of the formulations and the potential synergistic effects between the plants.
- Dietary supplements and cosmetics with cannabis sativa l. and/or cannabidiol: analysis of labelling information and cannabinoid quantification methodsPublication . Batalha, Ana; Regalo, Sandra; Oliveira, Ana Isabel; Pinho, Cláudia; Correia, Patrícia; Correia, Patrícia Carla dos Santos Correia; Pinho, Cláudia; Oliveira, Ana IsabelThe growing interest in the potential benefits of Cannabis sativa L. (CS) and cannabidiol, has boosted the marketing of dietary supplements (DS) and cosmetic products (CP). However, legal compliance and labelling information lack raises concerns about consumer safety [1]. Analyse labelling information on DS and CP containing CS and/or cannabidiol, available online, and review cannabinoid quantification analytical methods (CQAM). A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2024 to collect DS and CP from websites (e.g. pharmacies, herbal stores) containing CS and/or cannabidiol, isolated or in mixtures. The labelling information was analysed (uses, ingredients, interactions, adverse reactions). A literature review was conducted in December 2024 using PubMed® to gather studies about CQAM, using the keywords “Chemistry Techniques, Analytical” [Mesh], “Cannabis sativa”, “Cannabinoids”. A total of 60 products (22 DS; 38 CP) were identified. The most common ingredient was seed oil, present in 73% of DS and 59% of CP. The main indications were associated with skin hydration (16 CP), and as a complement in nervous system problems (18 DS). The literature review resulted in 16 studies. Two high-performance liquid chromatography methods were found the best for cannabinoid quantification, demonstrating good linearity, precision and accuracy. Ingredients, such as CS seed oil and cannabidiol, showed inconsistencies with current Portuguese legislation. Collected DS and CP may differ in CS and other contents, highlighting the importance of quality control and regulatory monitoring, using the validated CQAM identified in this study.
- Potential activity of withanolides in breast cancer treatment: a systematic reviewPublication . Moreira, Ana Margarida; Oliveira, Rita Ferraz; Pinho, Cláudia; Correia, Patrícia; Ferraz Oliveira, Rita; Pinho, Cláudia; Correia, Patrícia Carla dos Santos CorreiaPortuguese female population data from 2021 indicate that 31.6% of all tumours were breast cancer (BC), with 8,714 new cases reported [1]. Withanolides, a group of steroidal lactones found in plants such as Withania somnifera, Physalis peruviana, and Tubocapsicum anomalum, exhibit potential anticancer activity and are considered promising compounds for the treatment of BC [2]. Discuss the effectiveness and the potential mechanisms of action of withanolides in the treatment of BC. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted to evaluate in vitro and in vivo activity of natural/synthetic withanolides in BC, using original articles published in English (until December 2024) found in ScienceDirect® and Pubmed® databases and using the keywords “withanolides” and “breast cancer”. A total of 34 studies were analysed (24 in vitro, three in vivo, seven combining both type of approaches), with withaferin A being the predominant compound. The effectiveness of withanolides was evaluated using different approaches, such as cell viability/cell proliferation assays and analysis of apoptosis. The doses of withanolides used in studies and cancer cell lines (e.g., MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) ranged typically from 2 to 5 μM (in vitro studies) and from 4 to 8 mg/kg (in vivo studies). The mechanisms of action included cell cycle arrest (e.g., at the G2/M phase), modulation of oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation. Further studies are needed to confirm the results in clinical trials and to assess the potential of this group of steroidal lactones. Keywords: Withania somnifera, withaferin A, breast cancer Acknowledgements This work received financial support from the PT national funds (FCT/MECI, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Educação, Ciência e Inovação) through the project UID/50006 -Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde - Tecnologias e Processos Limpos.
- Beer raw materials: evaluation of antioxidant activity and potential skin benefitsPublication . Pereira, Maria João; Santos, Diana; Pinho, Cláudia; Oliveira, Ana Isabel; Oliveira, Ana Isabel; Pereira, Maria JoãoMalt and hop extracts have shown promising skin benefits, but scientific evidence is scarce. To evaluate, in vitro, the potential of aqueous extracts of malt and hops for antioxidant, photoprotective and metabolic activity in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). Experimental study, with the preparation of aqueous extracts of three malts (Chocolate, Munich and Vienna) and hops (Saaz, Citra and Mosaic), according to Silva et al. (2022). Total of phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant (hydrogen peroxide neutralization assay), photoprotective (sun protection factor- SPF), and metabolic activity of HaCaT cells (3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2Htetrazolium bromide -MTT assay) were evaluated. Data were analysed using the one-way ANOVA test and significant differences were considered for p < 0.05. The aqueous extracts of hops showed higher TPC (54.20± 1.56 - 90.02±0.48 mg GAE/g), antioxidant (1.88±0.11 < IC50 < 3.81±0.15 μg/mL) and photoprotective activity (173.77±2.75 < SPF < 213.97±4.77), compared to malt extracts (10.97±0.48 < TPC < 21.18±0.40 mg GAE/g, 11.67±0.63 < IC50 < 17.63±0.46 μg/mL and 21.22±0.12 < SPF < 79.53±0.93) (p < 0.05). Generally, cell viability was higher than 80% at the concentrations tested (1 - 500 μg/mL). The hop extracts had higher cell viabilities than the control (culture medium), showing greater potential for skin regeneration. Saaz hops have the highest TPC and SPF (p < 0.05). The extracts show promising activities, mainly hops extracts, at the cutaneous level, but further studies are needed to corroborate the activities studied and the possibility of integrating them into cosmetic formulation.
- Imperfect apples with antimicrobial potentialPublication . Ribeiro, Tatiana; Garcia, Pablo; Barreiros, Luísa; Correia, Patrícia; Correia, Patrícia Carla dos Santos Correia; Barreiros, LuisaApples are one of the most rejected fruits when they don’t have the appearance appreciated by the consumer. The apple processing industry also generates a lot of waste. This fruit is rich in phytochemicals, but many are complex and have low bioavailability. Fermentation is a metabolic process in which complex sugars are converted into small alcohols or organic acids, simpler compounds with greater oral and cutaneous bioavailability. Enhance, through fermentation, the microbial inhibition capacity of apple waste, combining the concept of circular and sustainable economy. The apples were supplied by the “Fruta Feia” cooperative, which aims to end food waste of fruits and vegetables due to their imperfect appearance. Different parts of the apple, prepared in different ways and adding sterile water, were fermented in flasks placed in an incubator at 30 °C. Samples were collected every 24 hours and the pH was measured. The fermented products were analyzed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity by measuring the inhibition halo for several species. The tests using apple pulp resulted in a greater inhibition halo. It would be interesting to vary the state of fruit division, as well as to perform biostimulation and bioinoculation tests. Regarding the species tested, fermented apple pulp demonstrated greater activity in the sensitivity test for Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Apples that are rejected by the commercial circuit can be valued through fermentation, showing promising antimicrobial activity for some bacterial species.
- Validation of a competency-based protocol for video simulation assessment in parenteral nutrition compoundingPublication . Vieira, Sofia; Jesus, Ângelo; Matos, Cristiano; Moreira, Fernando; Jesus, Ângelo; Moreira, FernandoCompounding PN is a complex and high-risk task for pharmacy professionals, with documented reports of serious injuries and even fatalities linked to errors in this process. Consequently, comprehensive training and rigorous assessment are crucial for pharmacy students and professionals involved in PN compounding. This work aimed to develop and validate a protocol for an asynchronous assessment program specifically designed for compounding PN admixtures. The program is based on a video simulation, where individuals identify deliberately introduced errors in a simulated environment. We conducted a comprehensive literature search across PubMed and Web of Science (2004-2023) to identify the essential contents for a robust PN compounding assessment program. Concurrently, for a Delphi panel evaluated the assessment script. A preliminary document outlining specific key competencies was developed. These competencies included: (i) meticulous aseptic technique, (ii) accurate volume measurement, (iii) understanding component compatibility, (iv) proficient use of puncture devices, and (v) correct manipulation of glass ampoules. The panel comprised 54 experts that met the inclusion criteria (minimum 5 years of experience in PN compounding and higher education in pharmacy). A consensus of 80% or higher was successfully achieved among the expert panel on the identified competencies. This significant agreement validates the proposed content for the assessment program. With this validation, it will be possible to create the video in accordance with the recommendations from the literature as well as expert opinions. This asynchronous health simulation is expected to enhance the assessment of pharmacy students and professionals in PN compounding.
- The rational use of medicines in the treatment of vaginal fungal infections by the female population residing in PortugalPublication . Oliveira, Tiago; Jesus, Ângelo; Martins, João; Moreira, Fernando; Jesus, ÂngeloVulvovaginal candidiasis is the second most common cause of vaginitis, affecting approximately 75% of women worldwide. It can be classified as either uncomplicated or complicated vulvovaginal candidiasis. The aim of the present study is to assess the knowledge of the Portuguese female population regarding genitourinary infections and the appropriate selection of medicines for their treatment. This observational study included 519 female participants, aged 18 years or older, residing in Portugal, who responded anonymously to an online questionnaire, between 26 March and 10 April, 2024. The scientific validity of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, with a sample of 30 participants. Data were analysed using SPSS software, specifically employing Fisher’s exact test and the Kruskal–Walli’s test. Results: It was found that 78.1% of participants identified fewer than half of the risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis, while 64.16% incorrectly considered a malodour to be a characteristic symptom. Additionally, 93.3% were aware of fewer than half of the available medicines for the treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis. Furthermore, 71.6% and 83.6% of participants reported lacking the autonomy to self-medicate in cases of uncomplicated and complicated vulvovaginal candidiasis, respectively. A knowledge gap was identified among Portuguese women regarding vulvovaginal candidiasis and its pharmacological treatment. Educational level and age were found to significantly influence women’s knowledge of condition. The study highlights a deficiency in literacy regarding vaginal fungal infections within the Portuguese female community.
- ANTI-VEGF therapies in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a scoping review of functional and morphological outcomes in older adultsPublication . Queirós, Marta; Teixeira, Daniela; Jesus, Ângelo; Santos, Marlene; Moreira, Fernando; Fernandes, Sara R.; Santos, Marlene; Moreira, Fernando; Fernandes, SaraAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of blindness in individuals over 60 years of age and is classified into two main subtypes: geographic atrophy (dry AMD) and neovascular AMD (wet AMD). Antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents are the standard treatment for neovascular AMD, although guidelines diverge regarding first-line choices. This scoping review aims to identify and characterize current scientific evidence on the use of anti-VEGF agents in the treatment of neovascular AMD. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed for observational or experimental studies published between 2020 and April 2025. Eligible studies included individuals aged ⩾60 years, reported on the use of anti-VEGF therapy for neovascular AMD, and assessed both functional (visual acuity) and morphological outcomes. Sixty-five studies met the inclusion criteria – 56 observational studies (prospective cohorts and cross-sectional designs), and nine clinical trials. Aflibercept (34%), faricimab (18%), and ranibizumab (15%) were the most commonly agents. Ranibizumab and aflibercept consistently improved visual acuity, with average gains of 7–15 ETDRS letters. Bevacizumab yielded more variable outcomes. In refractory patients, brolucizumab or faricimab showed anatomical improvements; however, brolucizumab was associated to higher risk of intraocular inflammation. The findings suggest that clinical and anatomical factors, such as persistent subretinal fluid, central retinal thickness, and initial treatment response, may help guide a more individualised selection of anti-VEGF. While ranibizumab and aflibercept remain well-established options, faricimab shows potential, in patients with suboptimal response to conventional agents.