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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Lead (Pb) is ubiquitous in the environment and can be present in varying amounts in all raw materials. Due to its well-known toxicity, human exposure to products containing Pb must be limited. At the end of the 2000s, several reports on the presence of Pb in lipsticks at levels that would pose safety concerns were published in the media and on the internet. A scientific paper published in 2009 also reported very high Pb levels (reaching 3700 ppm) in lipsticks (manufactured in China and available on the Saudi Arabia market). This led to FDA scientists to develop and validate an analytical procedure for Pb determination in lipstick and, later, to perform a survey of the U.S. market. This study, published in 2012, found an average Pb content in the 400 lipsticks tested of 1.11 ppm, with results ranging from the detection limit (0.026 ppm) to 7.19 ppm. In 2013, the results of a European survey on the content of Pb in lipsticks were also published. On average, the Pb content found was 0.75 ppm (max. 3.75 ppm).
Description
Keywords
Lead Lipsticks
Pedagogical Context
Citation
Carvalhido, A., Paiva, K., Pinto, E., Ramos, P., & Almeida, A. (2014). Lead in lipsticks: Results from a study on products manufactured in Brazil and Portugal. ICEH14 /3rd International Congress of Environmental Health: Proceedings Book, 1, 333–334.
Publisher
Área Científica da Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Instituto Politécnico do Porto