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- Effects of international diffusion of a general purpose technology on wage inequalityPublication . Bandeira, Ana M.; Afonso, OscarThis paper studies the effects of the diffusion of a General Purpose Technology (GPT) that spreads first within the developed North country of its origin, and then to a developing South country. In the developed general equilibrium growth model, each final good can be produced by one of two technologies. Each technology is characterized by a specific labor complemented by a specific set of intermediate goods, which are enhanced periodically by Schumpeterian R&D activities. When quality reaches a threshold level, a GPT arises in one of the technologies and spreads first to the other technology within the North. Then, it propagates to the South, following a similar sequence. Since diffusion is not even, neither intra- nor inter-country, the GPT produces successive changes in the direction of technological knowledge and in inter- and intra-country wage inequality. Through this mechanism the different observed paths of wage inequality can be accommodated.
- Efeito das Ações de Marketing na Escola sobre o Comportamento de ConsumoPublication . Afonso, Ana; Afonso, Oscar; Bandeira, Ana M.Our study aims to analyze the effect of marketing actions in schools, driven by health-food companies, on the consumption behavior of students to understand whether they (a) show higher preference for healthy food and drinks; (b) choose to take such goods home; are aware that consuming these goods is a healthy habit; and (c) realize that sales of the companies that produce such health foods and drinks improve. We wish to contribute to the literature by using an experimental exercise in three schools in Porto district, Portugal. Our sample included 307 students aged from 6 to 16 years old, with 153(154) students belonging to the experimental (control) group. The regression results confirm our hypotheses. In particular, we found that the level of education of parents did not seem to have an impact, the results across male and female students are very close and that students’ age did not affect the results between groups, but did affect score values.
- Maintenance and destruction of R&D leadershipPublication . Bandeira, Ana M.; Afonso, OscarIn the standard Schumpeterian-growth models only follower firms invest in R&D activities and larger economies grow faster. Since these results are counterfactual, this paper reveals that leader firms often support R&D activities and economic growth can be independent of the market size. In particular, the maintenance of R&D leadership increases with: (i) the technological-knowledge gap between leader and followers, since a firm-specific learning effect of accumulated technological knowledge from past R&D is considered, (ii) the leaders’ strategies that delay the next successful R&D supported by some follower firm, (iii) the market size, and (iv) the up-grade of each innovation.
- Algumas medidas de combate à evasão fiscalPublication . Amorim, José de CamposAo longo destes últimos anos, os Estados têm vindo a implementar um conjunto de medidas destinadas a combater a evasão fiscal. Uma série de dispositivos internos e internacionais tentam, bem ou mal, limitar os efeitos negativos para a economia da evasão e a fraude fiscais. De todo o universo de medidas criadas, propomo-nos aqui apresentar aquelas que melhor contribuíram para a luta contra este fenómeno. Naturalmente que não podemos abordar a totalidade das medidas em vigor, nem levantar todas as questões respeitantes à luta contra a evasão fiscal, pois seria uma tarefa que extravasaria o pretendido para um trabalho desta natureza, por isso limitar-nos-emos a indicar algumas das medidas mais significativas e que mereceram a nossa atenção. Procuraremos assim e de forma sumária, efectuar o enquadramento legal dessas medidas, identificando as questões mais controversas, e analisaremos algumas das suas implicações no plano fiscal, bem como a sua relação com as outras normas e princípios do ordenamento jurídico. O que se pretende é que este trabalho mais não seja do que uma apresentação geral de algumas das medidas mais comuns de luta contra a evasão fiscal, e que sirva de plataforma de partida para uma análise mais profunda dos vários dispositivos de combate à evasão e fraude fiscais existentes ao nível interno e internacional.
- Maintenance and destrcution of R&D leadershipPublication . Bandeira, Ana M.; Afonso, OscarIn the standard Schumpeterian-growth models only follower firms invest in R&D activities and larger economies grow faster. Since these results are counterfactual, this paper reveals that leader firms often support R&D activities and economic growth can be independent of the market size. In particular, the maintenance of R&D leadership increases with: (i) the technological-knowledge gap between leader and followers, since a firm-specific learning effect of accumulated technological knowledge from past R&D is considered, (ii) the leaders’ strategies that delay the next successful R&D supported by some follower firm, (iii) the market size, and (iv) the up-grade of each innovation.
- Effect of a punishing tax on economic growth, corruption, and welfarePublication . Afonso, Oscar; Bandeira, Ana M.Este artigo analisa o efeito da penalização da corrupção existente no seio dos negócios sobre o crescimento económico, o nível de corrupção e bem-estar social. Para tal, inclui-se a corrupção no modelo de crescimento endógeno induzido por progresso técnico horizontal, considerando que a penalização da corrupção deprime lucros. Esta penalização provoca uma realocação do trabalho da produção para atividades de R&D pelo que aumenta o progresso técnico, o crescimento económico e o bem-estar social assim como reduz o nível de corrupção. Os resultados teóricos estão em conformidade com os dados observados em 15 países da UE.
- Effect of the Tax System ON R&D Intensity, Growth, Wages and Consumption SharePublication . Afonso, Oscar; Bandeira, Ana M.; Magalhães, ManuelaWe propose a general equilibrium knowledge-driven (semi-)endogenous-growth model with horizontal R&D, which is extended to consider two types of labour, skilled and unskilled, and exogenous government expenditure, financed through taxes on financial assets and on labour income, to analyse the implications of the tax system on R&D intensity, economic growth, wage inequality and consumption share in the output. In particular, we show that: (i) taxes have negative influence in the consumption share, being higher the marginal effect of the labour-income tax; (ii) for any given government expenditure share, an increase (a decrease) in financial-assets tax decreases (increases) the labour-income tax; (iii) only the financial-assets tax affects negatively the R&D intensity and the skill-premium; thus, to reduce the skill-premium the financial-assets tax must increase; (iv) ignoring the effect on wage inequality and on R&D intensity, taxes are substitutes.
- Labour-market institutions, (un)employment, wages, and growth: theory and dataPublication . Afonso, Oscar; Bandeira, Ana M.; Magalhães, ManuelaWe analyse the implications of labour-market institutions on wage inequality in favour of skilled labour, on relative unemployment of unskilled labour, and on the economic growth rate in two clusters resulting from 27 OECD countries: Cluster 1, closely related with the Anglo-Saxon model, and Cluster 2, dominated by the Continental-European model. By linking the unskilled wage to the skilled one in Cluster 2, due to the indexation of social benefits to per-capita income, we accommodate the observed paths of the three variables in both clusters between 1991 and 2008: Cluster 1 presents a higher wage inequality in favour of skilled labour, a lower unemployment of the unskilled labour, and a better economic growth rate
- Growth and welfare effects of corruption penaltiesPublication . Afonso, Oscar; Bandeira, Ana M.; Lima, Pedro G.This paper analyses the steady-state effect of business corruption penalties on economic growth, corruption and welfare. To that end, the baseline horizontal R&D growth model is extended to include corruption, which is generated in intermediate goods production. Taxation on corruption depresses profits in production but also wages, leading to labor being reallocated from production to R&D, and, therefore, to a higher economic growth rate. Moreover, it also reduces corruption and increases welfare if preferences towards a corruption-free environment are strong enough. The results are in line with the data observed for 15 EU countries.