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- Application-specific modified particle swarm optimization for energy resource scheduling considering vehicle-to-gridPublication . Soares, João; Sousa, Tiago; Morais, Hugo; Vale, Zita; Canizes, Bruno; Silva, António S.This paper presents a modified Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) methodology to solve the problem of energy resources management with high penetration of distributed generation and Electric Vehicles (EVs) with gridable capability (V2G). The objective of the day-ahead scheduling problem in this work is to minimize operation costs, namely energy costs, regarding he management of these resources in the smart grid context. The modifications applied to the PSO aimed to improve its adequacy to solve the mentioned problem. The proposed Application Specific Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (ASMPSO) includes an intelligent mechanism to adjust velocity limits during the search process, as well as self-parameterization of PSO parameters making it more user-independent. It presents better robustness and convergence characteristics compared with the tested PSO variants as well as better constraint handling. This enables its use for addressing real world large-scale problems in much shorter times than the deterministic methods, providing system operators with adequate decision support and achieving efficient resource scheduling, even when a significant number of alternative scenarios should be considered. The paper includes two realistic case studies with different penetration of gridable vehicles (1000 and 2000). The proposed methodology is about 2600 times faster than Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) reference technique, reducing the time required from 25 h to 36 s for the scenario with 2000 vehicles, with about one percent of difference in the objective function cost value.
- Energy Resource Management Model in a Hotel Building Using a Web PlatformPublication . Sousa, Tiago; Faria, Pedro; Vale, Zita; Landeck, Jorge; Matos, Luisa; Ferreira, RodrigoDistributed generation and demand response have been fostered in the last years, sometimes less than desired. In fact, these energy resources, which have a distributed nature have been mostly applied and discussed in the wide view of the operation and planning of the distribution system. However, a great potential is now being explored in the scope of buildings energy management. In the present paper, an energy resource management model has been implemented in order to be integrated with a web platform that supports the customer information concerning energy usage. The model can be used for several kinds of buildings. A hotel building is focused in this paper, namely in the case study that discusses the use of each resource, including photovoltaic generation and demand response.
- A Flexibility Home Energy Management System to Support Agreggator Requests in Smart GridsPublication . Sousa, Tiago; Lezama, Fernando; Soares, João; Ramos, Sérgio Filipe Carvalho; Vale, ZitaEnergy flexibility will play a key role in the proper functioning of energy systems, introducing a set of benefits to all involved stakeholders and changing the shape of electricity markets as we know them. It is expected that new players with different interests will emerge in this context. Particularly, the aggregators might allow end-users to be aware of their consumption flexibility value, or merely facilitate consumer's participation, for instance through the use of demand response. To this end, a prompt system response allowing the interaction between aggregators and residential users is needed. Therefore, the so-called Home Energy Management System (HEMS) becomes an active tool to communicate end-users with aggregators, performing the necessary changes in the consumption profiles in benefit of all involved parts. In this paper, a model with the objective of achieving a match between the flexibility required by an aggregator and the flexibility offered by residential users through the HEMS capability of shifting specific appliances is proposed. The model is then solved using a well-known swarm intelligence algorithm, the particle swarm optimization (PSO). An illustrative example of how the model is optimized using PSO, re-scheduling appliances to meet a flexibility curve, is presented. After that, a case study with 15 appliances based on real profiles of home devices is solved showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach to procure flexibility.
- Multi-Objective Electric Vehicles Scheduling Using Elitist Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic AlgorithmPublication . Morais, Hugo; Sousa, Tiago; Castro, Rui; Vale, ZitaThe introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) will have an important impact on global power systems, in particular on distribution networks. Several approaches can be used to schedule the charge and discharge of EVs in coordination with the other distributed energy resources connected on the network operated by the distribution system operator (DSO). The aggregators, as virtual power plants (VPPs), can help the system operator in the management of these distributed resources taking into account the network characteristics. In the present work, an innovative hybrid methodology using deterministic and the elitist nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) for the EV scheduling problem is proposed. The main goal is to test this method with two conflicting functions (cost and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions minimization) and performing a comparison with a deterministic approach. The proposed method shows clear advantages in relation to the deterministic method, namely concerning the execution time (takes only 2% of the time) without impacting substantially the obtained results in both objectives (less than 5%).
- Energy and Reserve under Distributed Energy Resources Management—Day-Ahead, Hour-Ahead and Real-TimePublication . Soares, Tiago; Silva, Marco; Sousa, Tiago; Morais, Hugo; Vale, ZitaThe increasing penetration of distributed energy resources based on renewable energy sources in distribution systems leads to a more complex management of power systems. Consequently, ancillary services become even more important to maintain the system security and reliability. This paper proposes and evaluates a generic model for day-ahead, intraday (hour-ahead) and real-time scheduling, considering the joint optimization of energy and reserve in the scope of the virtual power player concept. The model aims to minimize the operation costs in the point of view of one aggregator agent taking into account the balance of the distribution system. For each scheduling stage, previous scheduling results and updated forecasts are considered. An illustrative test case of a distribution network with 33 buses, considering a large penetration of distribution energy resources allows demonstrating the benefits of the proposed model.