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- Efeito do envelhecimento cronológico na função pulmonar. Comparação da função respiratória entre adultos e idosos saudáveisPublication . Ruivo, Susana; Viana, Paulo; Martins, Cristiana; Baeta, CristinaO sistema respiratório sofre alterações inerentes ao envelhecimento e o conhecimento dessas modificações contribui para a detecção e prevenção de disfunções respiratórias em idosos. O objectivo deste estudo foi comparar o padrão respiratório entre adultos e idosos saudáveis, não fumadores, confrontando os valores espirométricos e de expansibilidade torácica, de forma a confirmar a acção do envelhecimento na função pulmonar. A espirometria foi utilizada para medir as variáveis capacidade vital forçada, volume expiratório máximo ao primeiro segundo, débitos expiratórios máximos e ventilação máxima voluntária. A cirtometria foi utilizada para medir a expansibilidade torácica. As medidas foram registadas em repouso, com os sujeitos posicionados em decúbito dorsal a 45º de inclinação do tronco. A análise estatística aplicada foi o teste t de Student para amostras independentes e o teste não paramétrico Mann-Whitney considerando significativo p <0,05. Com o mesmo nível de significância, foi aplicada a análise de regressão linear e determinada a correlação entre as variáveis em estudo e a idade. Estudaram-se 35 idosos e 35 jovens/adultos. Dos primeiros, 15 eram homens (43%) e 20 mulheres (57%), constando 16 homens (46%) e 19 mulheres (54%) no grupo dos jovens adultos. Foram recolhidas características da amostra, como idade, peso, altura, perímetro abdominal, bem como dados clínicos, para excluir factores de enviesamento dos resultados. Para os homens e mulheres estudados, a diferença entre os dois grupos foi estatisticamente significativa, para todas as medidas avaliadas. A relação linear foi, também, significativa entre a idade e todos os parâmetros e observou-se correlação negativa e significativa. A expansibilidade torácica no género feminino revelou ser a medida mais inversamente correlacionada com a idade (60,37%). A variável espirométrica com maior diferença entre os grupos foi o débito expiratório máximo instantâneo (35,77% no género feminino e 36,17% no género masculino). Os resultados mostraram que houve diferenças do padrão respiratório entre jovens adultos e idosos saudáveis, sugerindo que a função pulmonar é influenciada pelo envelhecimento cronológico. Em ambos os géneros, os indivíduos idosos apresentaram valores espirométricos mais baixos do que os indivíduos adultos, sendo esta diferença maior no género feminino.
- Influence of wearing an unstable shoe on thigh and leg muscle activity and venous response in upright standingPublication . Pinheiro De Sousa, Andreia Sofia; Tavares, João Manuel; Macedo, Rui; Rodrigues, Albano; Santos, RubimPurpose: To quantify the effect of unstable shoe wearing on muscle activity and haemodynamic response during standing. Methods: Thirty volunteers were divided into 2 groups: the experimental group wore an unstable shoe for 8 weeks, while the control group used a conventional shoe for the same period. Muscle activity of the medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris and biceps femoris and venous circulation were assessed in quiet standing with the unstable shoe and barefoot. Results: In the first measurement there was an increase in medial gastrocnemius activity in all volunteers while wearing the unstable shoe. On the other hand, after wearing the unstable shoe for eight weeks these differences were not verified. Venous return increased in subjects wearing the unstable shoe before and after training. Conclusions: The unstable shoe produced changes in electromyographic characteristics which were advantageous for venous circulation even after training accommodation by the neuromuscular system.
- Book review: non-Invasive ventilation made simplePublication . Jacinto, TiagoNon-invasive ventilation (NIV) is well established and increasingly used in routine clinical practice, either in the management of acute respiratory failure, where it has resulted in improved survival and reduced number of complications or in weaning from invasive ventilation in intensive care or high-dependency units. However, some concepts and techniques of NIV may be difficult to grasp for students or for unexperienced healthcare professionals.
- Incidência da fibrilação auricular após cirúrgia cardíaca: influência do tipo de cirurgia, da circulação extracorporeal e de fatores pré e intraoperatóriosPublication . Moreira, Soraia; Paulo, Nelson; Vouga, Luís; Jacinto, Tiago; Baeta, CristinaA fibrilação auricular (FA) é a arritmia com maior incidência no pós-operatório da cirurgia cardíaca. Na cirurgia de substituição valvular (CSV) ela ocorre em cerca de 64% dos indivíduos e na cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) ela pode desencadear-se em 30-40% dos indivíduos. A sua incidência no pós-operatório pode ainda ser influenciada por fatores de risco pré e intraoperatórios. Estudar a incidência de FA após cirurgia cardíaca, a sua associação com o tipo de cirurgia, com a realização de circulação extracorporal (CEC), e com fatores de risco/preditores pré e intraoperatórios. Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospetivo longitudinal realizado com os indivíduos submetidos a CRM e CSV em 2014, num hospital central da região norte. Foi avaliado o ritmo cardíaco em quatro momentos do pós-operatório (saída de CEC, Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI)/internamento, pré-alta e follow-up). Foi explorada a associação entre este ritmo e fatores de risco/preditores pré-operatórios (dimensão das aurículas, cardiomegalia, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE)) e intraoperatórios (tipo de cirurgia, realização de CEC, duração da CEC, tempo de clampagem aórtica e administração de cardioplegia), através do Odds ratio (OR). Foram estudados 416 indivíduos, 73.6% do sexo masculino, idade média 66.8±10.5 anos. Nas CSV ocorreu incidência de FA nos quatro momentos de avaliação, e na CRM apenas na UCI/internamento e na pré-alta. Em todos os tipos de cirurgia essa incidência foi mais elevada na UCI/internamento, variando entre 3.7% na CRM com CEC e 71.4% na CSV mitral. Os fatores preditores pré-operatórios com OR>1 foram idade superior a 65 anos (2.51 saída de CEC, 10.62 pré-alta), dilatação da aurícula direita (AD) (1.08 follow-up, 3.41 pré-alta), e HVE (1.68 saída de CEC, 2.78 pré-alta). Relativamente aos fatores preditores intraoperatórios, a CEC (2.74 CI/internamento, 3.37 pré-alta) e a cardioplegia (2.93 UCI/internamento, 5.40 pré--alta) foram os que apresentaram OR>1, no pós-operatório. As CSV foram o tipo de cirurgia com maior incidência de FA. Na CRM esta incidência foi superior nas cirurgias sem CEC. A idade superior a 65 anos, a dilatação da AD e a HVE foram os fatores preditores pré-operatórios com associação positiva à incidência de FA, em todos os momentos de avaliação.
- The treatment of acute bronchiolitis: past, present and futurePublication . Petrarca, Laura; Jacinto, Tiago; Nenna, RaffaellaLower respiratory tract infections are a common cause of hospitalisation in infants. It is estimated that infants younger than 12 months with bronchiolitis account for 18% of all paediatric admission, representing a great burden to industrialised healthcare systems each winter. Bronchiolitis is defined as the first respiratory tract infection in infants younger than 12 months. Clinically, it can be manifested by cough, tachypnoea, apnoea, increased respiratory effort, fever, nasal congestion and rhinorrhoea. On chest auscultation, the key feature is diffuse bilateral inspiratory crackles. The most common virus detected in children with bronchiolitis is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
- Differential effect of cigarette smoke exposure on exhaled nitric oxide and blood eosinophils in healthy and asthmatic individualsPublication . Jacinto, Tiago; Malinovschi, Andrei; Janson, Christer; Fonseca, João; Alving, KjellTobacco smoking affects both the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and blood eosinophil (B-Eos) count, two clinically useful biomarkers in respiratory disease that represent local and systemic type-2 inflammation, respectively. We aimed to study the influence of objectively measured smoke exposure on FeNO and B-Eos in a large population of subjects with and without asthma. Methods: We utilized the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2007–2012 and included 10 669 subjects aged 6–80 years: 9869 controls and 800 asthmatics. Controls were defined as having no respiratory disease, no hay fever in the past year, and B-Eos count ≤0.3 × 109 l−1. Asthma was defined as self-reported current asthma and at least one episode of wheezing or an asthma attack in the past year, but no emphysema or chronic bronchitis. Tobacco use was collected via questionnaires and serum cotinine was measured with mass spectrometry. Increasing cotinine levels were associated with a progressive reduction in FeNO in both controls and asthmatics. FeNO remained significantly higher in asthmatics than controls except in the highest cotinine decile, equivalent to an average reported consumption of 13 cigarettes/day. B-Eos count increased with cotinine in controls, but was unchanging in asthmatics. Interestingly, B-Eos count was significantly higher in presently non-exposed (cotinine below detection limit) former smokers than never smokers. Smoke exposure decreases FeNO and increases B-Eos count. These effects should be considered in the development of normalized values and their interpretation in clinical practice. The persistence of elevated B-Eos in former smokers warrants further studies.
- Does lung microbiome play a causal or casual role in asthma?Publication . Di Cicco, Maria; Pistello, Mauro; Jacinto, Tiago; Ragazzo, Vincenzo; Piras, Martina; Freer, Giulia; Pifferi, Massimo; Peroni, DiegoAsthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood. The pathogenesis of asthma is multifactorial and is thought to include environmental factors interacting with genetics during pregnancy and in the first years of life. In the last decades, a possible role of gut microbiota in allergic disease pathogenesis has been demonstrated. Next generation sequencing techniques have allowed the identification of a distinct microbiome in the healthy lungs. The lung microbiome is characterized by the prevalence of bacteria belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes (mostly Prevotella and Veilonella spp) in healthy subjects and to the phylum Proteobacteria in asthmatics (mostly Haemophilus, Moraxella, and Neisseria spp). In asthma, as well as in other diseases, the lung microbiome composition changes due to a disruption of the delicate balance between immigration and elimination of bacteria. The lung microbiome can interact with the immune system, thus influencing inflammation. Early infections with viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus, may alter lung microbiome composition favoring the emergence of Proteobacteria, a phylum which is also linked to severity of asthma and bronchial hyperreactivity. Lastly, antibiotics may alter the gut and lung microbiota and potentially disturb the relationship between microbiota and host. Therefore, antibiotics should be prescribed with increasing awareness of their potential harmful effect on the microbiota in young children with and without asthma. The potential effects of probiotics and prebiotics on lung microbiome are unknown.
- Having concomitant asthma phenotypes is common and independently relates to poor lung function in NHANES 2007–2012Publication . Amaral, Rita; Fonseca, João A.; Jacinto, Tiago; Pereira, Ana M.; Malinovschi, Andrei; Janson, Christer; Alving, KjellEvidence for distinct asthma phenotypes and their overlap is becoming increasingly relevant to identify personalized and targeted therapeutic strategies. In this study, we aimed to describe the overlap of five commonly reported asthma phenotypes in US adults with current asthma and assess its association with asthma outcomes. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2007–2012 were used (n = 30,442). Adults with current asthma were selected. Asthma phenotypes were: B-Eos-high [if blood eosinophils (B-Eos) ≥ 300/mm3]; FeNO-high (FeNO ≥ 35 ppb); B-Eos&FeNO-low (B-Eos < 150/mm3 and FeNO < 20 ppb); asthma with obesity (AwObesity) (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2); and asthma with concurrent COPD. Data were weighted for the US population and analyses were stratified by age (< 40 and ≥ 40 years old). Of the 18,619 adults included, 1059 (5.6% [95% CI 5.1–5.9]) had current asthma. A substantial overlap was observed both in subjects aged < 40 years (44%) and ≥ 40 years (54%). The more prevalent specific overlaps in both age groups were AwObesity associated with either B-Eos-high (15 and 12%, respectively) or B-Eos&FeNO-low asthma (13 and 11%, respectively). About 14% of the current asthma patients were “non-classified”. Regardless of phenotype classification, having concomitant phenotypes was significantly associated with (adjusted OR, 95% CI) ≥ 2 controller medications (2.03, 1.16–3.57), and FEV1 < LLN (3.21, 1.74–5.94), adjusted for confounding variables. A prevalent overlap of commonly reported asthma phenotypes was observed among asthma patients from the general population, with implications for objective asthma outcomes. A broader approach may be required to better characterize asthma patients and prevent poor asthma outcomes.
- Exhaled NO reference limits in a large population-based sample using the Lambda-Mu-Sigma methodPublication . Jacinto, Tiago; Amaral, Rita; Malinovschi, Andrei; Janson, Christer; Fonseca, João; Alving, KjellAbsolute values are used in the interpretation of the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), but it has been suggested that equations to calculate reference values may be a practical and clinically useful approach. We hypothesize that the application of the Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) method may improve FeNO reference equations and their interpretation. Our aims were to develop FeNO reference equations with the LMS method and to describe the difference between this method and the absolute fixed cut-offs of the current recommendations. We utilized the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2007-2012 and included healthy individuals with no respiratory diseases and blood eosinophils <300/mm3 ( n = 8,340). Natural log-transformed FeNO was modeled using the LMS method, imbedded in the generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape models. A set of FeNO reference equations was developed. The explanatory variables were sex, age, height, smoking habits, and race/ethnicity. A significant proportion of individuals with normal FeNO given by the equations were classified as having intermediate levels by the current recommendations. Further lower predicted FeNO compared with previous linear models was seen. In conclusion, we suggest a novel model for the prediction of reference FeNO values that can contribute to the interpretation of FeNO in clinical practice. This approach should be further validated in large samples with an objective measurement of atopy and a medical diagnosis of asthma and rhinitis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Novel reference equations and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO)-predicted values to improve interpretation of FeNO in clinical practice are presented. These may increase the accuracy of ruling out airway inflammation in patients with asthma or suspected asthma.
- Disentangling the heterogeneity of allergic respiratory diseases by latent class analysis reveals novel phenotypesPublication . Amaral, Rita; Bousquet, Jean; Pereira, Ana M.; Araújo, Luís M.; Sá‐Sousa, Ana; Jacinto, Tiago; Almeida, Rute; Delgado, Luís; Fonseca, João A.Background Refined phenotyping of allergic diseases may unravel novel phenotypes. Conjunctivitis as an independent disorder has never been approached. Aim To identify distinct classes of allergic respiratory diseases using latent class analysis (LCA) and distinguish each class using classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. Methods Seven hundred and twenty‐eight adults from the Portuguese general population study ICAR had a structured medical interview combined with blood collection, skin prick tests, spirometry with bronchodilation, and exhaled nitric oxide. LCA was applied to 19 variables. The CART algorithm selected the most likely variables distinguishing LCA‐classes. Results A six‐class model was obtained. Class 1 (25%): nonallergic participants without bronchial or ocular symptoms. Classes 2 (22%) and 3 (11%): nasal and ocular (low levels) symptoms without nasal impairment, monosensitized (Class 2) or polysensitized (Class 3). Class 4 (13%): polysensitized participants with high levels of nasal and ocular symptoms, and nasal impairment. Classes 5 (16%) and 6 (14%): high level of nasal, bronchial and ocular symptoms with nasal impairment (non‐allergic or polysensitized, respectively). Participants in classes 5 and 6 had more bronchial exacerbations and unscheduled medical visits (P < 0.001). Ocular symptoms were significantly higher in classes with nasal impairment, compared to those without impairment (P < 0.001) or no nasal symptom (P < 0.001). CART highlighted ocular symptoms as the most relevant variable in distinguishing LCA‐classes. Conclusion Novel severe phenotypes of participants with co‐occurrence of ocular, nasal and bronchial symptoms, and exacerbation‐prone were identified. The tree algorithm showed the importance of the ocular symptoms in the expression of allergic diseases phenotypes.