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Abstract(s)
Em trabalhos anteriores, foram desenvolvidos dois produtos, Produto 1 e Produto 2, que apresentam na sua constituição, respetivamente, 60,72 % e 57,39 % de matérias-primas de origem renovável, biológica ou sustentável, cumprindo assim o objetivo proposto de produzir um produto que contenha no mínimo 50 % deste tipo de matéria-prima na sua composição. No entanto, apenas o Produto 1 se encontra aprovado e em comercialização, enquanto o Produto 2 ainda se encontra em fase de estudo. Partindo do Produto 1, que comparativamente ao produto convencional apresenta na sua formulação um plastificante biodegradável de citrato de acetiltributilo (ATBC) em vez do plastificante convencional de ftalato de diisononilo, um agente de expansão que consiste numa masterbatch de amido com água em substituição da azodicarbonamida (ADCA), uma carga de resíduos de castanha em vez de carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3), e um suporte 100% de algodão biológico espesso em alternativa ao suporte convencional constituído por 65% poliéster e 35% algodão, desenvolveram-se novos produtos por alteração da respetiva formulação. As alterações efetuadas consistiram na eliminação da masterbatch de amido com água, na substituição da carga resíduos de castanha por fibra de coco e na substituição dos retardantes de chama convencionais por hidróxido de alumínio natural e por celulose de cânhamo. Além destas modificações também foi feita a análise da performance dos retardantes de chama mencionados na presença de borato de zinco em 5 phr. Quanto ao estudo da eliminação da masterbatch de amido com água, em paralelo com substituição do suporte convencional por um algodão espesso, observou-se que o valor da espessura se apresenta dentro do intervalo de valores de especificação. Por outro lado, a substituição dos resíduos de castanha por fibra de coco não se mostrou eficiente uma vez que, a fibra de coco não permitiu a obtenção de uma camada uniforme. No que diz respeito ao estudo da alteração dos retardantes de chama, destaca-se a substituição dos retardantes convencionais por celulose de cânhamo, uma vez que o produto final apresenta uma baixa taxa de combustão, bom desempenho relativamente às suas propriedades físico-mecânicas, e o conjunto de alterações resultaram num produto final com uma percentagem de constituintes renováveis, biológicos e sustentáveis de 62,57 %. Além desta substituição, evidencia-se também a alteração dos retardantes convencionais por uma mistura de hidróxido de alumínio natural com 5 phr de borato de zinco, pois o produto final foi classificado como auto extinguível e apresenta uma percentagem de 62,02 % de constituintes alternativos naturais. Além dos estudos das alterações na formulação do Produto 1, foram realizados ensaios de biodegradabilidade a este produto e ao Produto 2, que diferem no tipo de plastificante utilizado na sua formulação. No Produto 2 o plastificante utilizado está em fase de patenteação e apenas se sabe que é formado por um subproduto do bioetanol e óleo de soja. Através dos ensaios de biodegradabilidade verificou-se que a decomposição do Produto 1 registou uma perda de massa de 9,24 % e uma variação nos valores Tonset entre os ensaios realizados depois e antes do ensaio de biodegradação de 7,40 ºC, enquanto o Produto 2 obteve uma perda de massa de 12,27 % e uma variação nos valores Tonset de 17,79 ºC. Sendo que, em ambos os produtos, o valor de temperatura de decomposição é inferior no ensaio pós biodegradação, comparativamente ao valor registado no início do estudo. Assim considerou-se o Produto 2, mais biodegradável.
In previous works, two products have already been developed, Product 1 and Product 2. They present in their constitution, respectively, 60,72% and 57,39% of raw materials of renewable, biological or sustainable origin, fulfilling this way the proposed goal of developing a product that contains at least 50% of this type of raw material in its composition. However, despite this, only Product 1 is approved and commercialized, while Product 2 is still under study. Compared to the conventional product, Product 1 presents in its formulation a biodegradable plasticizer of acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC) instead of the conventional plasticizer of diisononyl phthalate, a blowing agent, which consists of a masterbatch of starch with water, instead of that of azodicarbonamide (ADCA), a chesnut residue filler instead of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and a thick 100% organic cotton support instead of the conventional support consisting of 65% polyester and 35% cotton. Starting from this product, some changes were made. The starch masterbatch with water was eliminated, the chesnut residue filler was replaced by coconut fiber and the conventional flame retardants were replaced by natural aluminum hydroxide and hemp cellulose. In addition to these changes, an analysis of the performance of the mentioned flame retardants in the presence of zinc borate at 5 phr was also carried out. As for the study of the elimination of the starch masterbatch with water, alongside the substitution of the conventional support by another of a thicker cotton, it was noted that the thickness value is in the specification value range. In addition, the use of the 100% thick cotton compensates, partially, the function of this additive. On the other hand, the replacement of chesnut residues with coconut fiber was not efficient since this fiber did not allow to obtain a uniform layer. Regarding the study of the modification of flame retardants, the replacement of conventional ones with hemp cellulose stands out, as the final product has a low combustion rate, good performance in terms of its physical-mechanical properties and a percentage of renewable, biological and sustainable constituents of 62,57%. At the same time, it should also be noted the replacement of the conventional flame retardants with a mixture of natural aluminum hydroxide with 5 phr of zinc borate, as the final product was classified as self-extinguishing and with a percentage of 62,02% of natural alternative constituents. Aside from studies of changes in Product 1 formulation, biodegradability tests were carried out for this product and for Product 2, which differ in the type of plasticizer used in its formulation. In Product 2, the plasticizer in use is still in the patenting phase and it is only known that it is formed by a subproduct of bioethanol and soybean oil. Through the biodegradability tests it was verified that the decomposition of Product 1 registered a mass loss of 9,24% and a variation in the Tonset values, between the tests performed after and before the biodegradation, of 7,40ºC. In parallel, Product 2 obtained a mass loss of 12,27% and a variation in the Tonset values of 17,79ºC. However, in both products, the value of decomposition temperature is lower in the post biodegradation test, compared to the value obtained at the beginning of the study. Thus, Product 2 was considered to be more biodegradable.
In previous works, two products have already been developed, Product 1 and Product 2. They present in their constitution, respectively, 60,72% and 57,39% of raw materials of renewable, biological or sustainable origin, fulfilling this way the proposed goal of developing a product that contains at least 50% of this type of raw material in its composition. However, despite this, only Product 1 is approved and commercialized, while Product 2 is still under study. Compared to the conventional product, Product 1 presents in its formulation a biodegradable plasticizer of acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC) instead of the conventional plasticizer of diisononyl phthalate, a blowing agent, which consists of a masterbatch of starch with water, instead of that of azodicarbonamide (ADCA), a chesnut residue filler instead of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and a thick 100% organic cotton support instead of the conventional support consisting of 65% polyester and 35% cotton. Starting from this product, some changes were made. The starch masterbatch with water was eliminated, the chesnut residue filler was replaced by coconut fiber and the conventional flame retardants were replaced by natural aluminum hydroxide and hemp cellulose. In addition to these changes, an analysis of the performance of the mentioned flame retardants in the presence of zinc borate at 5 phr was also carried out. As for the study of the elimination of the starch masterbatch with water, alongside the substitution of the conventional support by another of a thicker cotton, it was noted that the thickness value is in the specification value range. In addition, the use of the 100% thick cotton compensates, partially, the function of this additive. On the other hand, the replacement of chesnut residues with coconut fiber was not efficient since this fiber did not allow to obtain a uniform layer. Regarding the study of the modification of flame retardants, the replacement of conventional ones with hemp cellulose stands out, as the final product has a low combustion rate, good performance in terms of its physical-mechanical properties and a percentage of renewable, biological and sustainable constituents of 62,57%. At the same time, it should also be noted the replacement of the conventional flame retardants with a mixture of natural aluminum hydroxide with 5 phr of zinc borate, as the final product was classified as self-extinguishing and with a percentage of 62,02% of natural alternative constituents. Aside from studies of changes in Product 1 formulation, biodegradability tests were carried out for this product and for Product 2, which differ in the type of plasticizer used in its formulation. In Product 2, the plasticizer in use is still in the patenting phase and it is only known that it is formed by a subproduct of bioethanol and soybean oil. Through the biodegradability tests it was verified that the decomposition of Product 1 registered a mass loss of 9,24% and a variation in the Tonset values, between the tests performed after and before the biodegradation, of 7,40ºC. In parallel, Product 2 obtained a mass loss of 12,27% and a variation in the Tonset values of 17,79ºC. However, in both products, the value of decomposition temperature is lower in the post biodegradation test, compared to the value obtained at the beginning of the study. Thus, Product 2 was considered to be more biodegradable.
Description
Keywords
Couro artificial Biodegradabilidade Policloreto de vinilo Cargas Retardantes de chama Artificial leather Biodegradability Polyvinyl chloride Fillers Flame retardants