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- Flow injection electrochemical determination of apomorphinePublication . Garrido, Jorge; Delerue-Matos, Cristina; Borges, Fernanda; Macedo, Tice R. A.; Oliveira-Brett, A. M.Few analytical methods are currently available for determination of apomorphine, the active substance of a new oral formulation used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. In this way a flow injection electrochemical method (FIA-EC) was developed for its quantification and applied to pharmaceutical dosage forms. Based in previous findings regarding the stability of apomorphine in borate buffer and after optimization of several analytical parameters a single channel flow injection manifold was set up that enables the determination of this drug over the concentration range of 3 to 16 µmol L-1 with a detection limit of 0.5 µmol L-1 at a sampling rateof 90 h-1. The simplicity and rapidity of the FIA-EC method used, its reproducibility and sensitivity make it suitable for quality control of pharmaceutical preparations of apomorphine intended for clinical use and research.
- Electrochemical analysis of opiates—an overviewPublication . Garrido, Jorge; Delerue-Matos, Cristina; Borges, Fernanda; Macedo, Tice R. A.; Oliveira-Brett, A. M.The analysis of opiates is of vital interest in drug abuse monitoring and research. This review presents a general overview of the electrochemical methods used for detection and quantification of opiates in a variety of matrices. Emphasis has been placed on the voltammetric methods used for study and determination of morphine, codeine, and heroin. Specific issues that need to be solved and better explained as well as future trends in the use of electrochemical methods in the examination of opiates are also discussed.