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Very long-term effects of chronic cocaine on anxiety and stress
Publication . Alves, C.J.; Magalhães, A.; Monteiro, Pedro; Summavielle, Teresa
High anxiety levels and heightened stress are important factors for cocaine maintenance, reinforcing, and relapse. Chronic cocaine is known to result in a high prevalence of anxiety disorders. However, anxiety and poor stress coping are also relevant factors to the onset of cocaine use. Consequently, there is a strong association between cocaine, anxiety, and stress, which results from impaired functioning of the mesocorticolimbic system, and deregulation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis. Here, we review the long-term effects of chronic cocaine on anxiety and stress both in clinical and preclinical reports. Adolescence in particular is a developmental period of high prevalence of anxiety disorders, where impaired response to stressors appears as a relevant factor for drug vulnerability and experimentation. At withdrawal, heightened states of anxiety are also common, acting as relapse promoters. Improved understanding of how anxiety and stress evolve in response to chronic cocaine may contribute to more comprehensive therapeutic approaches.
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