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Publication
Análise Forense Digital a Automóveis – uma perspetiva técnica, jurídica e ética
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| 2.31 MB | Adobe PDF |
Authors
Abstract(s)
A digitalização dos automóveis modernos converteu-os em plataformas computacionais que
geram volumes significativos de dados operacionais, criando oportunidades sem precedentes
para a investigação forense de acidentes de viação. A presente dissertação aborda a utilização de
dados extraídos através da interface On-Board Diagnostics de segunda geração (OBD-II) como
prova digital em processos judiciais, integrando as perspetivas técnica, jurídica e ética.
A investigação procurou responder a quatro questões centrais: em que condições os dados OBD-II
podem constituir prova digital admissível no ordenamento português; que requisitos técnicos
asseguram a sua fiabilidade; como operacionalizar princípios éticos na recolha destes dados; e que
arquitetura de solução permite compatibilidade técnica, conformidade legal e proporcionalidade
ética. Adotou-se um paradigma pragmático com metodologia mista sequencial, combinando
análise jurídico-doutrinal, revisão sistemática da literatura, desenvolvimento de solução técnica e
validação empírica.
A análise jurídica demonstrou que o ordenamento português permite a utilização de dados
OBD-II como prova, desde que observados os requisitos de integridade, cadeia de custódia e
proteção de dados pessoais estabelecidos no Código de Processo Civil, no Regulamento Geral
sobre a Proteção de Dados e no Regulamento eIDAS. Foi estabelecida a correlação específica
entre elementos normativos de responsabilidade civil (artigo 483.º do Código Civil) e parâmetros
técnicos OBD-II.
A solução técnica desenvolvida, uma aplicação móvel para Android e iOS, implementa mecanismos
de hashing SHA-256, assinatura digital qualificada, timestamping e auditoria imutável,
gerando relatórios forenses em formato PDF/A-3 e JSON. A validação empírica alcançou taxa de
sucesso de 98,2% na extração de dados e concordância de 98,9% com sistemas de referência
EDR.
O framework ético operacionaliza os princípios da minimização e privacy by design através de
categorização tripartida de dados, testes de proporcionalidade e pseudonimização. A dissertação
contribui para a doutrina jurídico-tecnológica portuguesa com a sistematização do quadro
normativo aplicável e oferece à prática forense uma metodologia validada empiricamente.
The digitalization of modern automobiles has transformed them into computational platforms generating significant volumes of operational data, creating unprecedented opportunities for forensic investigation of traffic accidents. This dissertation addresses the use of data extracted through the On-Board Diagnostics second generation (OBD-II) interface as digital evidence in judicial proceedings, integrating technical, legal and ethical perspectives. The research sought to answer four central questions: under what conditions can OBD-II data constitute admissible digital evidence in Portuguese law; what technical requirements ensure their reliability; how to operationalize ethical principles in data collection; and what solution architecture enables technical compatibility, legal compliance and ethical proportionality. A pragmatic paradigm with sequential mixed methodology was adopted, combining legal-doctrinal analysis, systematic literature review, technical solution development and empirical validation. Legal analysis demonstrated that Portuguese law allows the use of OBD-II data as evidence, provided integrity, chain of custody and personal data protection requirements established in the Code of Civil Procedure, General Data Protection Regulation and eIDAS Regulation are observed. A specific correlation was established between normative elements of civil liability (article 483 of the Civil Code) and OBD-II technical parameters. The developed technical solution, an Android and iOS mobile application, implements SHA-256 hashing, qualified digital signature, timestamping and immutable audit mechanisms, generating forensic reports in PDF/A-3 and JSON formats. Empirical validation achieved 98.2% success rate in data extraction and 98.9% agreement with EDR reference systems. The ethical framework operationalizes minimization and privacy by design principles through tripartite data categorization, proportionality tests and pseudonymization. The dissertation contributes to Portuguese legal-technological doctrine with normative framework systematization and offers forensic practice an empirically validated methodology.
The digitalization of modern automobiles has transformed them into computational platforms generating significant volumes of operational data, creating unprecedented opportunities for forensic investigation of traffic accidents. This dissertation addresses the use of data extracted through the On-Board Diagnostics second generation (OBD-II) interface as digital evidence in judicial proceedings, integrating technical, legal and ethical perspectives. The research sought to answer four central questions: under what conditions can OBD-II data constitute admissible digital evidence in Portuguese law; what technical requirements ensure their reliability; how to operationalize ethical principles in data collection; and what solution architecture enables technical compatibility, legal compliance and ethical proportionality. A pragmatic paradigm with sequential mixed methodology was adopted, combining legal-doctrinal analysis, systematic literature review, technical solution development and empirical validation. Legal analysis demonstrated that Portuguese law allows the use of OBD-II data as evidence, provided integrity, chain of custody and personal data protection requirements established in the Code of Civil Procedure, General Data Protection Regulation and eIDAS Regulation are observed. A specific correlation was established between normative elements of civil liability (article 483 of the Civil Code) and OBD-II technical parameters. The developed technical solution, an Android and iOS mobile application, implements SHA-256 hashing, qualified digital signature, timestamping and immutable audit mechanisms, generating forensic reports in PDF/A-3 and JSON formats. Empirical validation achieved 98.2% success rate in data extraction and 98.9% agreement with EDR reference systems. The ethical framework operationalizes minimization and privacy by design principles through tripartite data categorization, proportionality tests and pseudonymization. The dissertation contributes to Portuguese legal-technological doctrine with normative framework systematization and offers forensic practice an empirically validated methodology.
Description
Keywords
Análise forense digital OBD-II Prova digital Dados automóveis Responsabilidade civil RGPD Cadeia de custódia