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Desenvolvimento e implementação de um módulo de descargas sanitárias para casa de banho, com o reaproveitamento de águas residuais
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Abstract(s)
Este trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento e implementação de um módulo compacto de reaproveitamento de águas cinzentas, recolhidas de lavatórios e bases de duche, para utilização em descargas sanitárias que permite uma poupança de até 63% de água potável nas casas de banho, e até 97,8% do consumo de água potável nas descargas sanitárias. O projeto foi realizado devido à crescente escassez de água potável e ao elevado desperdício associado às descargas sanitárias. Neste sentido, esta dissertação procura promover uma gestão mais sustentável dos recursos hídricos e contribuir para os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Para tal, foi seguida a metodologia Design Science Research, que incluiu as etapas de conceção, seleção de fornecedores, desenvolvimento do protótipo e testes de validação. O sistema integrou componentes como filtros de 90 μm e 25 μm, carvão ativado, unidade de radiação ultravioleta, bombas submersíveis, reservatório e um sistema automático de controlo de níveis. Os ensaios físico-químicos e hidráulicos confirmaram a viabilidade técnica do sistema, e os cálculos de desempenho evidenciaram reduções expressivas no consumo de água potável, tanto em habitações como no setor hoteleiro: uma poupança de 63% no consumo de água potável em habitações, de 45% em unidades hoteleiras e de até 97,8% do consumo de água potável nas descargas sanitárias. Em contexto residencial, os resultados foram particularmente expressivos. A combinação da adoção de sanitas eficientes (redução média de 25% por descarga), torneiras de baixo caudal (poupança de 45%) e chuveiros otimizados permitiu diminuir o consumo diário de água na casa de banho em cerca de 62,7%, o que corresponde a aproximadamente 193 litros poupados por dia numa família de quatro pessoas. Dentro desta redução, destaca-se a substituição de até 97,8 % da água potável usada em descargas sanitárias por água cinzenta tratada, deixando apenas uma fração residual a cargo da rede pública. No setor hoteleiro, onde o consumo médio é de 345 litros por quarto em cada noite, a aplicação da mesma lógica levou a uma redução global de 47,5 %, equivalente a 163,9 litros poupados por quarto em cada noite. Os maiores ganhos concentram-se na casa de banho: o consumo de duches e lavatórios foi reduzido em 45 %, enquanto as descargas sanitárias passaram de 103,5 para apenas 1,7 litros de água potável por quarto em cada noite, representando uma substituição de 98,4 % da água utilizada nesta função por água cinzenta tratada. Estes resultados demonstram que o módulo desenvolvido não só é tecnicamente viável e
ambientalmente sustentável, como também garante um impacto económico direto pela redução das faturas de água. A solução mostra-se escalável e adaptável a diferentes tipologias de edifícios, reforçando a economia circular e a resiliência hídrica, e contribuindo de forma clara para os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável.
This work consists of the development and implementation of a compact module for the reuse of greywater, collected from washbasins and showers, for use in toilet flushing. The system enables water savings of up to 63% of potable water in bathrooms, and up to 97.8% of potable water used in toilet flushing. The project was carried out in response to the growing scarcity of potable water and the high levels of waste associated with toilet flushing. In this sense, it seeks to promote a more sustainable management of water resources and contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals. To achieve this, the Design Science Research methodology was followed, which included the stages of design, supplier selection, prototype development, and validation tests. The system integrated components such as 90 μm and 25 μm filters, activated carbon, an ultraviolet radiation unit, submersible pumps, a storage tank, and an automatic level control system. Physicochemical and hydraulic tests confirmed the technical feasibility of the system, and performance calculations demonstrated savings of 63% in potable water consumption in households and 45% in hotel units, as well as up to 97.8% of potable water replaced in toilet flushing. Performance calculations revealed significant reductions in potable water consumption in both households and the hotel sector. In the residential context, the combination of efficient toilets (average 25% reduction per flush), low-flow taps (45% savings), and optimized showers reduced daily bathroom water consumption by approximately 62.7%, equivalent to around 193 liters saved per day for a family of four. Within this reduction, the replacement of up to 97.8% of potable water used in toilet flushing with treated greywater stands out, leaving only a residual fraction supplied by the public network. In the hotel sector, where the average consumption is 345 liters per guest per night, applying the same approach led to an overall reduction of 47.5%, equivalent to 163.9 liters saved per guest per night. The greatest savings occur in bathroom usage: water consumption in showers and washbasins was reduced by 45%, while potable water used in toilet flushing dropped from 103.5 liters to just 1.7 liters per guest per night, representing a 98.4% substitution of water in this function with treated greywater. These results demonstrate that the developed module is not only technically feasible and environmentally sustainable, but also ensures a direct economic impact through reduced water bills. The solution is scalable and adaptable to different building typologies, reinforcing circular economy practices and water resilience, while clearly contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals.
This work consists of the development and implementation of a compact module for the reuse of greywater, collected from washbasins and showers, for use in toilet flushing. The system enables water savings of up to 63% of potable water in bathrooms, and up to 97.8% of potable water used in toilet flushing. The project was carried out in response to the growing scarcity of potable water and the high levels of waste associated with toilet flushing. In this sense, it seeks to promote a more sustainable management of water resources and contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals. To achieve this, the Design Science Research methodology was followed, which included the stages of design, supplier selection, prototype development, and validation tests. The system integrated components such as 90 μm and 25 μm filters, activated carbon, an ultraviolet radiation unit, submersible pumps, a storage tank, and an automatic level control system. Physicochemical and hydraulic tests confirmed the technical feasibility of the system, and performance calculations demonstrated savings of 63% in potable water consumption in households and 45% in hotel units, as well as up to 97.8% of potable water replaced in toilet flushing. Performance calculations revealed significant reductions in potable water consumption in both households and the hotel sector. In the residential context, the combination of efficient toilets (average 25% reduction per flush), low-flow taps (45% savings), and optimized showers reduced daily bathroom water consumption by approximately 62.7%, equivalent to around 193 liters saved per day for a family of four. Within this reduction, the replacement of up to 97.8% of potable water used in toilet flushing with treated greywater stands out, leaving only a residual fraction supplied by the public network. In the hotel sector, where the average consumption is 345 liters per guest per night, applying the same approach led to an overall reduction of 47.5%, equivalent to 163.9 liters saved per guest per night. The greatest savings occur in bathroom usage: water consumption in showers and washbasins was reduced by 45%, while potable water used in toilet flushing dropped from 103.5 liters to just 1.7 liters per guest per night, representing a 98.4% substitution of water in this function with treated greywater. These results demonstrate that the developed module is not only technically feasible and environmentally sustainable, but also ensures a direct economic impact through reduced water bills. The solution is scalable and adaptable to different building typologies, reinforcing circular economy practices and water resilience, while clearly contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Keywords
Greywater reuse sustainability toilet flushing efficient water management circular economy Reaproveitamento de águas cinzentas Sustentabilidade Descargas sanitárias Gestão eficiente da água Economia circular