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Profiling and assessing the risks of image- and performance-enhancing drugs use during the COVID-19 lockdown

2024-06-19Journal article Open access
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dc.contributor.authorDe Luca, Ilaria
dc.contributor.authorDi Carlo, Francesco
dc.contributor.authorBurkauskas, Julius
dc.contributor.authorDores, Artemisa Rocha
dc.contributor.authorCarvalho, Irene P.
dc.contributor.authorÁngeles Gómez-Martínez, M.
dc.contributor.authorSzabo, Attila
dc.contributor.authorFujiwara, Hironobu
dc.contributor.authorBarbosa, Cristina Monteiro
dc.contributor.authorNicola, Marco Di
dc.contributor.authorMazza, Marianna
dc.contributor.authorSani, Gabriele
dc.contributor.authorLuciani, Debora
dc.contributor.authorPettorruso, Mauro
dc.contributor.authorGiannantonio, Massimo di
dc.contributor.authorCataldo, Ilaria
dc.contributor.authorEsposito, Gianluca
dc.contributor.authorMartinotti, Giovanni
dc.contributor.authorZandonai, Thomas
dc.contributor.authorRabin, Olivier
dc.contributor.authorCorazza, Ornella
dc.date.accessioned2024-06-25T09:03:11Z
dc.date.available2024-06-25T09:03:11Z
dc.date.issued2024-06-19
dc.description.abstractImage and Performance-Enhancing Drugs (IPEDs) can enhance mental and physical capabilities and impact one’s overall health. Initially confined in sport environments, IPEDs use has become increasingly widespread in a high-performing society. The present study was aimed at profiling IPEDs use during the COVID-19 lockdown among an international sample of young adults. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out in eight countries (United Kingdom, Italy, Lithuania, Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Brazil, and Japan) between April and May 2020. The survey questionnaire included validated measurements such as Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI), Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI), and Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) as well as questions about the type of IPEDs, purchasing methods and socio-demographic information. A total of 736 IPEDs users were included in the survey. Their mean age was 33.05 years (±SD = 10.06), and 64.2% were female participants. Overall, 6.8% were found at risk of exercise addiction (EAI >24), 27.6% presented high levels of appearance anxiety, and 24.9% revealed low levels of emotional regulation’s self-compassion. Most participants (55.6%) purchased IPEDs through pharmacies/specialized shops, while 41.3% purchased IPEDs on the Internet. Online IPEDs buyers were mainly men who had higher scores on the Exercise Addiction Inventory. One or more IPEDs classifiable as “potentially risky” were used by 66.3% of the sample. Users of “potentially risky IPEDs” were younger and primarily men. They showed higher scores both on the Exercise Addiction Inventory and Appearance Anxiety Inventory. This study profiled users of IPEDs when the most restrictive COVID-19 lockdown policies were implemented in all the participating countries. More targeted post-COVID 19 prevention strategies should be implemented according to the emerged socio-demographic and psychopathological traits and cross-cultural differences emerged. Longitudinal studies will also be needed to determine the long-term effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on IPEDs consumption.pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.citationDe Luca, I., Di Carlo, F., Burkauskas, J., Dores, A. R., Carvalho, I. P., Gómez-Martínez, M. Á., Szabo, A., Fujiwara, H., Barbosa, C. M., Di Nicola, M., Mazza, M., Sani, G., Luciani, D., Pettorruso, M., di Giannantonio, M., Cataldo, I., Esposito, G., Martinotti, G., Zandonai, T., … Corazza, O. (2024). Profiling and assessing the risks of image- and performance-enhancing drugs use during the COVID-19 lockdown. Frontiers in Public Health, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1386721pt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.3389/fpubh.2024.1386721pt_PT
dc.identifier.eissn2296-2565
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.22/25707
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.publisherFrontierspt_PT
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1386721/fullpt_PT
dc.subjectBody imagept_PT
dc.subjectExercise addictionpt_PT
dc.subjectExercise dependencept_PT
dc.subjectPandemicpt_PT
dc.subjectCOVID-19pt_PT
dc.subjectImage and performance enhancingpt_PT
dc.titleProfiling and assessing the risks of image- and performance-enhancing drugs use during the COVID-19 lockdownpt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.titleFrontiers in Public Healthpt_PT
person.familyNameDores
person.givenNameArtemisa
person.identifier.ciencia-id6B12-301B-4A0F
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-4595-9816
rcaap.rightsopenAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
relation.isAuthorOfPublication6579b160-3747-4ab2-a590-9f7d03215fa7
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery6579b160-3747-4ab2-a590-9f7d03215fa7

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