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A presente dissertação examina a evolução das indústrias culturais nos países do Leste Asiático, focalizando o Japão, a China e a Coreia do Sul. Historicamente conhecidos pelas suas fortes medidas protecionistas, durante várias décadas o comércio com estes países era limitado e o acesso aos mesmos igualmente restrito. Somente durante os séculos XIX e XX, marcados pela troca no poder político, foram aplicadas medidas para a abertura destes países, incluindo a entrada em várias organizações mundiais, tal como a Organização Mundial do Comércio.
Através de uma análise histórica comparativa, torna-se possível identificar os principais eventos que mudaram a trajetória destes países e a forma como os mesmos passaram a ser encarados pelas principais potências mundiais, incluindo a Restauração Meiji no Japão, as Guerras de Ópio na China e a crise financeira na Coreia do Sul.
Todos estes acontecimentos históricos levaram à abertura das economias e consequente interesse, por parte dos países asiáticos, em obter sucesso mundialmente. A mudança de perspetiva levou a um investimento nas indústrias culturais, motivado pelo crescente sucesso das mesmas.
Esta dissertação pretende elaborar um mapa histórico de forma a perceber o que influenciou a mudança de protecionismo para abertura e de que forma isso afetou a economia e cultura dos países do Leste Asiático. Analisando os diferentes produtos culturais exportados, é possível identificar os vários benefícios e consequências de uma política mais liberalizada.
The present dissertation examines the evolution of cultural industries in East Asian countries, focusing on Japan, China, and South Korea. Historically known for its strong protectionist measures, for many decades, trade with these countries was limited, and access to them was equally restricted. Only during the XIX and XX centuries, marked by changes in the political power, measures were applied to open these countries, including joining various world organisations, such as the World Trade Organisation. Through a comparative historical analysis, it is possible to identify the key events that changed these countries’ trajectory and how they came to be viewed by the main world powers, including the Meiji Restauration in Japan, the Opium Wars in China and the financial crisis in South Korea. All these historical events led to the opening of the economies and consequent interest, by the East Asian countries, in achieving worldwide success. The change in perspective led to an investment in the cultural industries, fuelled by their growing success. This dissertation aims to elaborate on a historical map to understand what influence the change from protectionism to openness and how it affected the economy and the culture of East Asian countries. Analysing the different exported cultural products, it is impossible to identify the various benefits and consequences of a more liberalised policy.
The present dissertation examines the evolution of cultural industries in East Asian countries, focusing on Japan, China, and South Korea. Historically known for its strong protectionist measures, for many decades, trade with these countries was limited, and access to them was equally restricted. Only during the XIX and XX centuries, marked by changes in the political power, measures were applied to open these countries, including joining various world organisations, such as the World Trade Organisation. Through a comparative historical analysis, it is possible to identify the key events that changed these countries’ trajectory and how they came to be viewed by the main world powers, including the Meiji Restauration in Japan, the Opium Wars in China and the financial crisis in South Korea. All these historical events led to the opening of the economies and consequent interest, by the East Asian countries, in achieving worldwide success. The change in perspective led to an investment in the cultural industries, fuelled by their growing success. This dissertation aims to elaborate on a historical map to understand what influence the change from protectionism to openness and how it affected the economy and the culture of East Asian countries. Analysing the different exported cultural products, it is impossible to identify the various benefits and consequences of a more liberalised policy.
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Cultural protectionism Cultural industries East Asia Entertainment Entretenimento Protecionismo cultural Indústrias culturais Leste Asiático