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Ecotoxicidade de Albendazol, Metronidazol e Ibuprofeno: avaliação nas espécies Triticum aestivum, Lactuca sativa e Chlorella vulgaris
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O aumento do consumo global de fármacos, aliado à sua persistência ambiental, tem originado preocupação crescente sobre os seus efeitos ecotoxicológicos. Entre os compostos mais detetados em solos e águas estão o albendazol (ABZ), o metronidazol (MTZ) e o ibuprofeno (IBU), cujos efeitos em organismos não-alvo permanecem pouco esclarecidos. Esta dissertação integra uma revisão sistemática sobre os efeitos do MTZ em plantas e um estudo experimental com três organismos com relevância ecológica e agrícola: Chlorella vulgaris, Lactuca sativa e Triticum aestivum. O objetivo principal foi avaliar os efeitos ecotoxicológicos de ABZ, MTZ e IBU isolados e em misturas (ABZ+IBU; MTZ+IBU). Nos ensaios com C. vulgaris avaliou-se a taxa de crescimento e determinou-se a EC50, enquanto nos ensaios com L. sativa e T. aestivum foram analisados a germinação, o crescimento radicular e do epicótilo, procurando ainda identificar fenómenos de sinergismo ou antagonismo nos testes com as misturas. Os resultados mostraram que C. vulgaris apresentou elevada sensibilidade ao ABZ, enquanto MTZ e IBU induziram efeitos menos pronunciados. As misturas evidenciaram interações complexas, incluindo antagonismo na associação ABZ+IBU. Em L. sativa, ABZ e IBU inibiram a germinação e o crescimento radicular, embora algumas misturas tenham estimulado o desenvolvimento, sugerindo neutralização parcial dos efeitos tóxicos, enquanto MTZ+IBU provocou inibição precoce da germinação. Em T. aestivum, verificou-se maior sensibilidade às misturas, com inibição significativa da germinação e do crescimento radicular. Estes resultados confirmam que os efeitos das misturas não são previsíveis a partir dos compostos isolados, reforçando a necessidade de considerar interações químicas na avaliação de risco ambiental. Em conclusão, o presente estudo demonstrou que ABZ, MTZ e IBU afetam significativamente organismos vegetais aquáticos e terrestres, sendo o ABZ o composto mais tóxico. As misturas apresentaram efeitos não aditivos, destacando a complexidade da avaliação de risco. Estes dados contribuem para a compreensão do impacto ambiental de fármacos e sublinham a importância de estudos futuros sobre misturas de contaminantes nos ecossistemas.
The increase in global consumption of pharmaceuticals, combined with their environmental persistence, has led to growing concern about their ecotoxicological effects. Among the compounds most frequently detected in soil and water are albendazole (ABZ), metronidazole (MTZ), and ibuprofen (IBU), whose impacts on non-target organisms remain insufficiently understood. This dissertation includes a systematic review of the effects of MTZ on plants and an experimental study on three organisms of ecological and agricultural relevance: Chlorella vulgaris, Lactuca sativa, and Triticum aestivum. The main objective was to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of ABZ, MTZ, and IBU alone and in mixtures (ABZ+IBU; MTZ+IBU). In the tests with C. vulgaris, the growth rate was evaluated and the EC50 was determined, while in the tests with L. sativa and T. aestivum, germination, root growth, and epicotyl growth were analyzed, seeking to identify synergistic or antagonistic phenomena. The results showed that C. vulgaris was highly sensitive to ABZ, while MTZ and IBU induced less pronounced effects. The mixtures showed complex interactions, including antagonism in the ABZ+IBU combination. In L. sativa, ABZ and IBU inhibited germination and root growth, although some combinations stimulated development, suggesting partial neutralization of the toxic effects, while MTZ+IBU caused early inhibition of germination. In T. aestivum, there was greater sensitivity to mixtures, with significant inhibition of germination and root growth, especially in balanced proportions. These results confirm that the effects of mixtures are not predictable from isolated compounds, reinforcing the need to consider chemical interactions in environmental risk assessment. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that ABZ, MTZ, and IBU significantly affect aquatic and terrestrial organisms, with ABZ being the most toxic compound. The mixtures showed non-additive effects, highlighting the complexity of risk assessment. These data contribute to the understanding of the environmental impact of drugs and underscore the importance of future studies on mixtures of contaminants in real ecosystems.
The increase in global consumption of pharmaceuticals, combined with their environmental persistence, has led to growing concern about their ecotoxicological effects. Among the compounds most frequently detected in soil and water are albendazole (ABZ), metronidazole (MTZ), and ibuprofen (IBU), whose impacts on non-target organisms remain insufficiently understood. This dissertation includes a systematic review of the effects of MTZ on plants and an experimental study on three organisms of ecological and agricultural relevance: Chlorella vulgaris, Lactuca sativa, and Triticum aestivum. The main objective was to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of ABZ, MTZ, and IBU alone and in mixtures (ABZ+IBU; MTZ+IBU). In the tests with C. vulgaris, the growth rate was evaluated and the EC50 was determined, while in the tests with L. sativa and T. aestivum, germination, root growth, and epicotyl growth were analyzed, seeking to identify synergistic or antagonistic phenomena. The results showed that C. vulgaris was highly sensitive to ABZ, while MTZ and IBU induced less pronounced effects. The mixtures showed complex interactions, including antagonism in the ABZ+IBU combination. In L. sativa, ABZ and IBU inhibited germination and root growth, although some combinations stimulated development, suggesting partial neutralization of the toxic effects, while MTZ+IBU caused early inhibition of germination. In T. aestivum, there was greater sensitivity to mixtures, with significant inhibition of germination and root growth, especially in balanced proportions. These results confirm that the effects of mixtures are not predictable from isolated compounds, reinforcing the need to consider chemical interactions in environmental risk assessment. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that ABZ, MTZ, and IBU significantly affect aquatic and terrestrial organisms, with ABZ being the most toxic compound. The mixtures showed non-additive effects, highlighting the complexity of risk assessment. These data contribute to the understanding of the environmental impact of drugs and underscore the importance of future studies on mixtures of contaminants in real ecosystems.
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Ecotoxicologia Albendazol Metronidazol Ibuprofeno Chlorella vulgaris Lactuca sativa Triticum aestivum