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Abstract(s)
O estudo das ancoragens é um tema que, ao longo dos anos, tem ganho importância, fruto da necessidade e, infelizmente, de incidentes. De maneira a contribuir para o conhecimento da área apresenta-se, ao longo de sete capítulos, o panorama nacional e internacional, quer ao nível construtivo, quer durante a vida útil das ancoragens. As estruturas ancoradas são estruturas que carecem de um plano de observação e auscultação e, uma vez instrumentadas, o seu acompanhamento ao longo da fase de exploração. As ancoragens são componentes da estrutura ancorada, pelo que são o principal alvo deste plano, mas não exclusivo. Deste acompanhamento e após a leitura, em regra das células de carga, aplicam-se critérios de alerta e alarme, preferencialmente definidos em projeto. Estes são um dos principais indicativos, que auxiliam o Gestor de ativos na tomada de decisão, no que toca à necessidade de intervenção. Contudo, não são os únicos indicadores do estado de conservação e manutenção da ancoragem, pelo contrário, são complementados com a inspeção visual e a aplicação de ensaios in situ. Os ensaios in situ dividem-se em ensaios durante a fase de construção, ensaios de carga, e durante a vida útil da ancoragem, ensaios destrutivos e não destrutivos. Na inspeção visual procedese ao registo das patologias observáveis sem recurso a qualquer equipamento. Para o efeito a Ascendi elaborou um catálogo de patologias com a identificação e descrição das mais preponderantes. Os ensaios destrutivos são de rara aplicação uma vez que promovem a destruição de um ativo. Já em gabinete as estruturas ancoradas são classificadas consoante um conjunto de estados de conservação e manutenção dos quais resultam ações de carácter paliativo ou curativo.
The study of anchorages is a subject that, over the years, has gained importance due to the necessity and, unfortunately, incidents. To contribute to the knowledge of the area, the national and international panorama, both at the constructive level and during the service life of the anchorages, is presented in seven chapters. Anchored structures require an observation and auscultation plan, and once instrumented, they are monitored throughout the operation phase. The anchorages are components of the anchored structure, so they are the main target of this plan but not exclusive. From this monitoring and after reading, as a rule, the load cells, alert, and alarm criteria are applied, preferably defined in the project. These are some of the main indicators that help the Asset Manager make decisions regarding the need for intervention. However, they are not the only indicators of the state of conservation and maintenance of the anchorage; on the contrary, they are complemented by visual inspection and the application of in situ tests. In situ tests are divided into tests during the construction phase, load tests, and during the service life of the anchorage, destructive and non-destructive tests. In the visual inspection, observable pathologies are recorded without the use of any equipment. For this purpose, Ascendi has prepared a catalogue of pathologies with the identification and description of the most prevalent ones. Destructive tests are rare since they promote an asset's destruction. In desk studies, anchored structures are classified according to a set of conservation and maintenance states, resulting in palliative or corrective actions.
The study of anchorages is a subject that, over the years, has gained importance due to the necessity and, unfortunately, incidents. To contribute to the knowledge of the area, the national and international panorama, both at the constructive level and during the service life of the anchorages, is presented in seven chapters. Anchored structures require an observation and auscultation plan, and once instrumented, they are monitored throughout the operation phase. The anchorages are components of the anchored structure, so they are the main target of this plan but not exclusive. From this monitoring and after reading, as a rule, the load cells, alert, and alarm criteria are applied, preferably defined in the project. These are some of the main indicators that help the Asset Manager make decisions regarding the need for intervention. However, they are not the only indicators of the state of conservation and maintenance of the anchorage; on the contrary, they are complemented by visual inspection and the application of in situ tests. In situ tests are divided into tests during the construction phase, load tests, and during the service life of the anchorage, destructive and non-destructive tests. In the visual inspection, observable pathologies are recorded without the use of any equipment. For this purpose, Ascendi has prepared a catalogue of pathologies with the identification and description of the most prevalent ones. Destructive tests are rare since they promote an asset's destruction. In desk studies, anchored structures are classified according to a set of conservation and maintenance states, resulting in palliative or corrective actions.
Description
Keywords
Ancoragem Vida Útil Ensaios Patologias Estados Geotecnia Anchoring Service life Testing Pathologies States Geotechnics