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Publicação
Avaliação da sustentabilidade na construção pré-fabricada de betão
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Resumo(s)
A indústria da construção é um sector económico importante no que respeita à utilização de combustíveis fósseis e às consequentes emissões de CO2 e poluição ambiental. Implica também um investimento considerável em recursos, uma vez que os edifícios e as infraestruturas duram muito tempo.
A construção de edifícios contribuí significativamente para as alterações climáticas globais, sendo responsável por cerca de 21% das emissões globais de gases com efeito de estufa. Em 2022, os edifícios foram responsáveis por 34% da procura global de energia e por 37% das emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2) relacionadas com a energia e com os processos. Apesar de uma redução de 3,5% na intensidade energética, a procura global de energia e as emissões aumentaram cerca de 1 por cento em relação a 2021 (Relatório de Situação Global para Edifícios e Construção – Buildings GSR da Aliança Global para Edifícios e Construção – Global ABC do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente - PNUMA). Na atualidade, vivemos uma fase da evolução do conhecimento que nos permite entender a melhor maneira de podermos tornar os edifícios mais eficientes em relação aos materiais, energia, resíduos e água, ou seja, tornar os edifícios mais sustentáveis. A pré-fabricação tem sido considerada uma alternativa eficaz à construção convencional. Tem ganhado cada vez mais atenção nas últimas décadas como forma de promover a construção sustentável.
Nesta dissertação pretende-se fazer uma análise do desempenho sustentável da construção pré-fabricada de betão em Portugal. Esta dissertação centrou-se na fase de construção para comparar desempenhos sustentáveis de elementos pré-fabricados com elementos da construção convencional. Como caso de estudo, foram analisados dois elementos pré-fabricados de betão, tais como painéis de fachada e laje alveolar de cobertura, representativos da construção pré-fabricada sendo estes comparados com metodologias de construção tradicional “in -situ”.
O balanço sustentável realizado contempla as três dimensões, ambiental, económica e social. Através da Análise do Ciclo de Vida e do cálculo dos indicadores sustentáveis de cada elemento, fez-se a análise da dimensão ambiental recorrendo à ferramenta informática “One Click LCA”. Na dimensão económica fez-se uma análise de custo de materiais e a sua aplicação através da ferramenta informática “Gerador de Preços”. Para a análise da dimensão social foi estudado o conforto térmico através da resistência dos elementos no que respeita à permissão de transposição do fluxo de calor.
The construction industry is an important economic sector in terms of fossil fuel use and the resulting CO₂ emissions and environmental pollution. It also involves considerable investment in resources, as buildings and infrastructure have long lifespans. Building construction contributes significantly to global climate change, accounting for approximately 21% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In 2022, buildings were responsible for 34% of global energy demand and 37% of energy- and process-related carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Despite a 3.5% reduction in energy intensity, global energy demand and emissions increased by about 1% compared to 2021 (Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction – Buildings GSR by the Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction – Global ABC of the United Nations Environment Programme – UNEP). Currently, we are in a phase of knowledge development that allows us to better understand how to make buildings more efficient in terms of materials, energy, waste, and water—in other words, how to make buildings more sustainable. Prefabrication has been considered an effective alternative to conventional construction and has gained increasing attention in recent decades as a way to promote sustainable building. This dissertation aims to analyse the sustainable performance of prefabricated concrete construction in Portugal. The focus of the dissertation is on the construction phase, comparing the sustainable performance of prefabricated elements with those of conventional construction. As a case study, two prefabricated concrete elements—facade panels and hollow-core roof slabs—representative of prefabricated construction, were analysed and compared to traditional “in-situ” construction methods. The sustainability assessment covers three dimensions: environmental, economic, and social. The environmental dimension was analysed using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the calculation of sustainability indicators for each element, employing the software tool “One Click LCA.” The economic dimension involved a cost analysis of materials and their application using the “Price Generator” software tool. For the social dimension, thermal comfort was studied through the thermal resistance of the elements in terms of their ability to prevent heat transfer.
The construction industry is an important economic sector in terms of fossil fuel use and the resulting CO₂ emissions and environmental pollution. It also involves considerable investment in resources, as buildings and infrastructure have long lifespans. Building construction contributes significantly to global climate change, accounting for approximately 21% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In 2022, buildings were responsible for 34% of global energy demand and 37% of energy- and process-related carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Despite a 3.5% reduction in energy intensity, global energy demand and emissions increased by about 1% compared to 2021 (Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction – Buildings GSR by the Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction – Global ABC of the United Nations Environment Programme – UNEP). Currently, we are in a phase of knowledge development that allows us to better understand how to make buildings more efficient in terms of materials, energy, waste, and water—in other words, how to make buildings more sustainable. Prefabrication has been considered an effective alternative to conventional construction and has gained increasing attention in recent decades as a way to promote sustainable building. This dissertation aims to analyse the sustainable performance of prefabricated concrete construction in Portugal. The focus of the dissertation is on the construction phase, comparing the sustainable performance of prefabricated elements with those of conventional construction. As a case study, two prefabricated concrete elements—facade panels and hollow-core roof slabs—representative of prefabricated construction, were analysed and compared to traditional “in-situ” construction methods. The sustainability assessment covers three dimensions: environmental, economic, and social. The environmental dimension was analysed using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the calculation of sustainability indicators for each element, employing the software tool “One Click LCA.” The economic dimension involved a cost analysis of materials and their application using the “Price Generator” software tool. For the social dimension, thermal comfort was studied through the thermal resistance of the elements in terms of their ability to prevent heat transfer.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Construção Desenvolvimento Indicadores Sustentabilidade Ciclo-de-Vida Pré-fabricação Constraction Development Indicators Sustainability Life cycle Precast