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Abstract(s)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um novo processo de recuperação de peças sanitárias, através de, mais especificamente, tecnologia laser. Assim pode ser dividido em duas partes, na otimização dos parâmetros usados pelo laser e na formulação de um vidrado especial para ser usado com a tecnologia laser, mais precisamente, na melhor forma de aplicação deste vidrado. Ao longo do trabalho são testados vários tipos de “vidrados” para realizar retoques com o laser, desde o vidrado normal de produção até vidrados de diferentes temperaturas. Os ensaios realizados com a tecnologia laser foram realizados num equipamento com laser de dióxido de carbono. Nestes ensaios foram analisados diversos parâmetros, a potência do feixe laser, utilizando-se uma gama entre os 10 e os 200 W; a utilização ou não de uma lente, alterando a distância focal, e, dependendo do tipo de ensaio, variou-se a velocidade do feixe ou o tempo de incidência sobre o defeito. Para disparos rápidos analisou-se a velocidade do feixe, tendo sido utilizadas várias velocidades. Já para os disparos manuais analisou-se o tempo de incidência, sendo que o menor tempo foi de 2 segundos e o valor superior de 90 segundos na totalidade para um defeito. Para uma melhor compreensão e análise dos resultados, os retoques efetuados com laser foram observados com o auxílio de microscopia ótica e eletrónica e submetidos a testes de controlo de qualidade da indústria cerâmica sanitária como resistência a ácidos, bases e agente manchantes e testes de fendilhagem. Os ensaios onde se obtiveram melhores resultados, principalmente para poros, onde estes aderiram, não se soltando, e fundindo de forma homogénea, foram considerados como relevantes para a possível execução do processo. Ficaram então definidas as condições ótimas, considerando todos os ensaios efetuados, para se proceder à continuidade e conclusão futura deste trabalho. Paralelamente à realização de ensaios com o equipamento laser, foram realizados testes para analisar o comportamento dos vários vidrados em ensaios, tal como a possível adição de agentes tensioativos. Desta forma, foi possível quantificar a temperatura do ponto de semiesfera. Foi também possível concluir e definir o melhor agente tensioativo a ser adicionado ao vidrado escolhido.
This work aims to develop a new process for the recovery of sanitary parts, using, more specifically, laser technology. Thus, it can be divided into two parts, optimizing the parameters used by the laser and formulating a special glaze to be used with laser technology, more precisely, the best way to apply this glaze. Throughout the work, various types of "glazes" are tested to carry out touch-ups with the laser, going from the production glaze to different temperature glazes. The tests done with laser technology were carried out in a carbon dioxide laser equipment. In these tests, several parameters were analyzed, the power of the laser beam, using a range between 10 and 200 W; the use of a lens, changing the focal length; and, depending on the type of test, either the speed of the beam or the time of incidence on the defect. For fast shooting, the beam velocity was analyzed, using different velocity’s. As for manual shooting, the incidence time was analyzed, with the shortest time being 2 seconds and the upper value of 90 seconds in total for a defect. In order to have a better understanding and analysis of the results, the touches made with the laser were observed with the support of an optical and an electronic microscopy and submitted to quality control tests in the sanitary ceramic industry, just like resistance to acids, bases and staining agents and the cracking test. The tests where the best results were obtained, mainly for pores, where they adhered, not loosening, and melting homogeneously, were considered relevant for the possible execution of the process. The optimal conditions were then defined, considering all the tests carried out, to proceed with the continuity and future conclusion of this work. Parallel to the performance of tests with the laser equipment, tests were carried out to analyze the behavior of the various glazes in tests, such as the possible addition of surfactants. In this way, it was possible to quantify the temperature of the hemisphere point. It was also possible to conclude and define the best surfactant to be added to the chosen glaze.
This work aims to develop a new process for the recovery of sanitary parts, using, more specifically, laser technology. Thus, it can be divided into two parts, optimizing the parameters used by the laser and formulating a special glaze to be used with laser technology, more precisely, the best way to apply this glaze. Throughout the work, various types of "glazes" are tested to carry out touch-ups with the laser, going from the production glaze to different temperature glazes. The tests done with laser technology were carried out in a carbon dioxide laser equipment. In these tests, several parameters were analyzed, the power of the laser beam, using a range between 10 and 200 W; the use of a lens, changing the focal length; and, depending on the type of test, either the speed of the beam or the time of incidence on the defect. For fast shooting, the beam velocity was analyzed, using different velocity’s. As for manual shooting, the incidence time was analyzed, with the shortest time being 2 seconds and the upper value of 90 seconds in total for a defect. In order to have a better understanding and analysis of the results, the touches made with the laser were observed with the support of an optical and an electronic microscopy and submitted to quality control tests in the sanitary ceramic industry, just like resistance to acids, bases and staining agents and the cracking test. The tests where the best results were obtained, mainly for pores, where they adhered, not loosening, and melting homogeneously, were considered relevant for the possible execution of the process. The optimal conditions were then defined, considering all the tests carried out, to proceed with the continuity and future conclusion of this work. Parallel to the performance of tests with the laser equipment, tests were carried out to analyze the behavior of the various glazes in tests, such as the possible addition of surfactants. In this way, it was possible to quantify the temperature of the hemisphere point. It was also possible to conclude and define the best surfactant to be added to the chosen glaze.
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Keywords
Cerâmicos Sanitários Tecnologia laser Defeitos Sanitary Ceramics Laser technology Defects