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Em Portugal foram produzidas em 2019 mais de 39 mil toneladas de glicerol bruto, subproduto da indĆŗstria de produĆ§Ć£o de biodiesel. O glicerol bruto produzido neste processo tem baixa pureza e o processo de purificaĆ§Ć£o do mesmo nĆ£o Ć© economicamente viĆ”vel. A indĆŗstria dos curtumes produz tambĆ©m quantidades considerĆ”veis de resĆduos, sendo um deles a raspa tripa onde cerca de 40% Ć© gordura animal que tem baixo valor, correspondendo a mais de 2000 toneladas em 2019. Este trabalho surge, portanto, com o intuito de encontrar uma soluĆ§Ć£o para estes subprodutos/resĆduos atravĆ©s de um processo de conversĆ£o termoquĆmica. Neste trabalho foi estudada a cogasificaĆ§Ć£o de glicerol bruto tratado e gordura animal usando vapor de Ć”gua como agente gasificante. A amostra de glicerol foi previamente caracterizada, sendo a caracterizaĆ§Ć£o da amostra de gordura parte deste trabalho. O processo de gasificaĆ§Ć£o foi estudado utilizando uma mistura com 59% de glicerol, 3% de gordura e o restante Ć”gua e foram realizados ensaios Ć s temperaturas de 700 ĀŗC e 750 ĀŗC. Os ensaios foram realizados em reator de leito fixo usando como leito de partĆculas alumina ativada e um catalisador: a dolomite. O gĆ”s de produĆ§Ć£o foi quantificado e analisado, por cromatografia gasosa, obtendo-se com dolomite entre 48% e 47% de H2, cerca de 13% de CO, 11 % de CH4 e teor de CO2 entre 30% e 27%. Com alumina obteve-se entre 34% e 37% de H2, CO entre 48% e 45%, 12% de CH4 e 6% de CO2. O desempenho do processo de cogasificaĆ§Ć£o foi avaliado usando os seguintes indicadores: rendimento de produĆ§Ć£o de gĆ”s, poder calorĆfico superior, eficiĆŖncia de produĆ§Ć£o de gĆ”s frio, eficiĆŖncia de conversĆ£o de carbono, eficiĆŖncia de conversĆ£o de hidrogĆ©nio, razĆ£o de hidrogĆ©nio/monĆ³xido de carbono, rendimento de produĆ§Ć£o fase gasosa e condensados. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a composiĆ§Ć£o do gĆ”s de produĆ§Ć£o Ć© bastante influenciada pelo material do leito utilizado. Usando dolomite como catalisador, o gĆ”s produzido Ć© rico em H2 e CO2, enquanto que usando a alumina como leito de partĆculas se obteve um gĆ”s de produĆ§Ć£o com elevado teor de CO e menos teor de H2, quando comparado com a situaĆ§Ć£o anterior. Trabalhando com a dolomite obtiveram-se caudais superiores de gĆ”s em ambas as temperaturas testadas. Os resultados mostram tambĆ©m, que de forma geral, os parĆ¢metros de gasificaĆ§Ć£o aumentam com a temperatura. Nos ensaios realizados com a alumina obteve-se um gĆ”s de produĆ§Ć£o com maior conteĆŗdo energĆ©tico (PCS) devido Ć composiĆ§Ć£o de gĆ”s obtida. Com a dolomite obteve-se caudal molar de gĆ”s, 0,044 mol/min a 700 ĀŗC e 0,052 mol/min a 750 ĀŗC, os resultados obtidos para a alumina nĆ£o foram conclusivos mas sempre inferiores. O rendimento de produĆ§Ć£o de gĆ”s foi de 0,80 m3 /kg a 700 ĀŗC e 0,91 m3 /kg a 750 ĀŗC com dolomite. Com alumina, nĆ£o se obteve valores concordantes. A eficiĆŖncia de produĆ§Ć£o de gĆ”s frio foi de 60,47% a 700 ĀŗC e 70.59% a 750 ĀŗC para a dolomite. Com alumina, os valores obtidos nĆ£o foram conclusivos. A eficiĆŖncia de conversĆ£o de carbono obtida com a dolomite foi de 51,55% a 700 ĀŗC e 57,96% a 750 ĀŗC. Com a alumina tambĆ©m nĆ£o foi possĆvel obter dados concordantes para este indicador. A eficiĆŖncia de conversĆ£o de hidrogĆ©nio com a dolomite foi de 35,55% a 700 ĀŗC e de 40,89% a 750 ĀŗC. Com a alumina os valores nĆ£o permitiram obter devido Ć elevada flutuaĆ§Ć£o. A razĆ£o de H2/CO obtida com a dolomite foi de 3,96 a 700 ĀŗC e 3,50 a 750 ĀŗC e com a alumina obteve-se valores consideravelmente inferiores, 0,72 a 700 ĀŗC e 0,83 a 750 ĀŗC Quanto ao rendimento de produĆ§Ć£o de fases, obteve-se 42,16% de gĆ”s e 62,86% de condensado a 700 ĀŗC e 46,98% de gĆ”s e 53,23% de condensado a 750ĀŗC.
In Portugal more than 39 thousand tons of crude glycerol were produced in 2019, a by-product of the biodiesel production industry. The crude glycerol produced in this process has low purity and its purification process is not economically viable. The tanning industry also produces considerable amounts of waste, one of which is the hide fleshing where about 40% is fat animal that has low value, corresponding to more than 2000 tons in 2019. This work arises, therefore, to find a solution to these by-products/wastesthrough a thermochemical conversion process. In this work, the cogasification of treated crude glycerol and animal fat was studied using steam as the gasifying agent. The glycerol sample was previously characterized, the characterization of the fat sample was part of this work job. The gasification process was studied using a mixture with 59% of glycerol, 3% of fat and the remaining water and tests were carried out at 700 ĀŗC and 750 ĀŗC. The tests were carried out in a fixed bed reactor using as particle bed activated alumina and a catalyst: dolomite. The producer gas was quantified and analyzed by gas chromatography, obtaining, with dolomite between 48% and 47% of H2, about 13% of CO, 11% of CH4 and CO2 content between 30% and 27%. With alumina the obtained gas had between 34% and 37% of H2, CO between 48% and 45%, 12% of CH4 and 6% of CO2. The performance of the cogasification process was assessed using the following indicators: dry gas yield, higher heating value, cold gas efficiency, carbon conversion efficiency, hydrogen conversion efficiency, hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio, gas and condensate phase production yield. The results showed that the composition of the producer gas is quite influenced by the bed material used. Using dolomite as catalyst, the producer gas is rich in H2 and CO2, while using alumina as particle bed, a gas with a high CO content and less H2 was obtained when compared to the previous situation. Working with dolomite higher gas flow rates were obtained at both temperatures tested. The results also show that, in general, the gasification parameters increase with temperature. In the tests carried out with alumina, a producer gas higher higher heating value (HHV) was obtained, due to the gas composition characteristics. With dolomite, molar gas flows of 0.044 mol/min at 700 ĀŗC and 0.052 mol/min at 750 ĀŗC were obtained and the results obtained for alumina were not conclusive but always inferior. The dry gas yield was 0.799 m3 /kg at 700 ĀŗC and 0.917 m3 /kg at 750 ĀŗC with the dolomite bed. With alumina bed material, no conclusive results were obtained. The cold gas efficiency was 60.47% at 700 ĀŗC and 70.59% at 750 ĀŗC for dolomite. With alumina, the obtained values were not conclusive. The carbon conversion efficiency obtained with dolomite was 51.55% at 700 ĀŗC and 57.96% at 750 ĀŗC. With alumina it was also not possible to obtain conclusive data for this indicator. The efficiency of hydrogen conversion with dolomite was 35.55% at 700 ĀŗC and 40.89% at 750 ĀŗC. For the results obtained with alumina no conclusions could be drawn due to high fluctuation of the results. The H2/CO ratio obtained with dolomite was from 3.96 at 700 ĀŗC and 3.50 at 750 ĀŗC .With alumina considerably lower values were obtained, 0.72 at 700 ĀŗC and 0.83 at 750 ĀŗC. For the tests performed at 700ĀŗC a gas phase yield of 42.16% and a liquid phase yield of 62.86% were obtained. At 750ĀŗC the gas phase yield was 46.98% and liquid phase yield was 53.23%.
In Portugal more than 39 thousand tons of crude glycerol were produced in 2019, a by-product of the biodiesel production industry. The crude glycerol produced in this process has low purity and its purification process is not economically viable. The tanning industry also produces considerable amounts of waste, one of which is the hide fleshing where about 40% is fat animal that has low value, corresponding to more than 2000 tons in 2019. This work arises, therefore, to find a solution to these by-products/wastesthrough a thermochemical conversion process. In this work, the cogasification of treated crude glycerol and animal fat was studied using steam as the gasifying agent. The glycerol sample was previously characterized, the characterization of the fat sample was part of this work job. The gasification process was studied using a mixture with 59% of glycerol, 3% of fat and the remaining water and tests were carried out at 700 ĀŗC and 750 ĀŗC. The tests were carried out in a fixed bed reactor using as particle bed activated alumina and a catalyst: dolomite. The producer gas was quantified and analyzed by gas chromatography, obtaining, with dolomite between 48% and 47% of H2, about 13% of CO, 11% of CH4 and CO2 content between 30% and 27%. With alumina the obtained gas had between 34% and 37% of H2, CO between 48% and 45%, 12% of CH4 and 6% of CO2. The performance of the cogasification process was assessed using the following indicators: dry gas yield, higher heating value, cold gas efficiency, carbon conversion efficiency, hydrogen conversion efficiency, hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio, gas and condensate phase production yield. The results showed that the composition of the producer gas is quite influenced by the bed material used. Using dolomite as catalyst, the producer gas is rich in H2 and CO2, while using alumina as particle bed, a gas with a high CO content and less H2 was obtained when compared to the previous situation. Working with dolomite higher gas flow rates were obtained at both temperatures tested. The results also show that, in general, the gasification parameters increase with temperature. In the tests carried out with alumina, a producer gas higher higher heating value (HHV) was obtained, due to the gas composition characteristics. With dolomite, molar gas flows of 0.044 mol/min at 700 ĀŗC and 0.052 mol/min at 750 ĀŗC were obtained and the results obtained for alumina were not conclusive but always inferior. The dry gas yield was 0.799 m3 /kg at 700 ĀŗC and 0.917 m3 /kg at 750 ĀŗC with the dolomite bed. With alumina bed material, no conclusive results were obtained. The cold gas efficiency was 60.47% at 700 ĀŗC and 70.59% at 750 ĀŗC for dolomite. With alumina, the obtained values were not conclusive. The carbon conversion efficiency obtained with dolomite was 51.55% at 700 ĀŗC and 57.96% at 750 ĀŗC. With alumina it was also not possible to obtain conclusive data for this indicator. The efficiency of hydrogen conversion with dolomite was 35.55% at 700 ĀŗC and 40.89% at 750 ĀŗC. For the results obtained with alumina no conclusions could be drawn due to high fluctuation of the results. The H2/CO ratio obtained with dolomite was from 3.96 at 700 ĀŗC and 3.50 at 750 ĀŗC .With alumina considerably lower values were obtained, 0.72 at 700 ĀŗC and 0.83 at 750 ĀŗC. For the tests performed at 700ĀŗC a gas phase yield of 42.16% and a liquid phase yield of 62.86% were obtained. At 750ĀŗC the gas phase yield was 46.98% and liquid phase yield was 53.23%.
Description
Keywords
Glicerol Gordura GasificaĆ§Ć£o Dolomite Alumina Glycerol Fat Gasification