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- A Configuration Framework for Multi-level Preemption Schemes in Time Sensitive NetworkingPublication . Ojewale, Mubarak; Meumeu Yomsi, Patrick; Almeida, LuísTo reduce the latency of time-sensitive flows in Ethernet networks, the IEEE TSN Task Group introduced the IEEE 802.1Qbu Standard, which specifies a 1-level preemption scheme for IEEE 802.1 networks. Recently, serious limitations of this scheme w.r.t. flows responsiveness were exposed and the so-called multi-level preemption approach was proposed to address these drawbacks. As is the case with most, if not all, real-time and/or time-sensitive preemptive systems, an appropriate priority-to-flow assignment policy plays a central role in the resulting performance of both 1-level and multi-level preemption schemes to avoid the over-provisioning and/or the sub-optimal use of hardware resources. Yet on another front, the multi-level preemption scheme raises new configuration challenges. Specifically, the right number of preemption level(s) to enable for swift transmission of flows; and the flow-to-preemption-class assignment synthesis remain open problems. To the best of our knowledge, there is no prior work in the literature addressing these important challenges. In this work, we address these three challenges. We demonstrate the applicability of our proposed solution by using both synthetic and real-life use-cases. Our experimental results show that multi-level preemption schemes improve the schedulability of flows by over 12% as compared to a 1-level preemption scheme, and at a higher abstraction level, the proposed configuration framework improves the schedulability of flows by up to 6% as compared to the dominant Deadline Monotonic Priority Ordering.
- Multi-Factor Authentication and Fingerprint-based Debit Card SystemPublication . Ojewale, Mubarak; Meumeu Yomsi, PatrickOne thing can be said to be common to all forms of debit card fraud –authentication bypass. This implies that a secure debit card transaction system can only be guaranteed by a safe and reliable authentication system. Many approaches have been adopted to ensure a secure authentication system, but often, these approaches are either focused on the Automated Teller Machines (ATM)/Point of Sales (POS) terminals or Online/e-commerce transactions, thus not providing full security on both fronts. In this work, we address this problem by adopting a multi-factor debit card system that uses a combination of the traditional Personal Identification Number code (PIN) and the mobile-phone delivered One-Time Password (OTP) with a biometric authentication option(fingerprint). We demonstrate that this approach ensures the security of both online and terminal transactions. The fingerprint option makes it easy to use by people who find memorizing PINs difficult.
- Implementation Cost Comparison of TSN Traffic Control MechanismsPublication . Pruski, Aleksander; Meumeu Yomsi, Patrick; Berger, Michael Stübert; Almeida, Luis; Ojewale, MubarakThe IEEE Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) Task Group specifies a set of standards that enables real-time communication with predictable and bounded delays over the Ethernet. Specifically, TSN introduces a new set of so-called shapers, which regulate traffic arrival and transmission in the networks. Prominent among those are the IEEE 802.1 Qbv Time Aware Shaper (TAS) and IEEE 802.1Qav Credit-Based Shaper (CBS).Another traffic control mechanism is the IEEE 802.1Qbu Frame Preemption. Most works in the literature have focused on the quantitative performance comparison between these mechanisms. However, the discussion on how they compare in terms of implementation cost has received less attention. In this paper,we provide a comprehensive comparison of the implementation cost of the aforementioned TSN traffic control mechanisms. This comparison can help system designers in choosing which of the mechanism(s) to deploy for their applications.
- Multi-Level Preemption in TSN: Feasibility and Requirements AnalysisPublication . Ojewale, Mubarak; Meumeu Yomsi, Patrick; Nikolić, BorislavTo overcome the limitation of strictly non-preemptive frame transmission in Ethernet networks, the IEEE 802.1Qbu standard was introduced. This standard specifies a one-level frame preemption paradigm wherein, depending on their priority levels, frames are grouped into two categories: namely, the “express frames” and the “preemptable frames”. These two categories are given with the interpretation that (1) only express frames can preempt preemptable frames; and (2) two frames belonging to the same category cannot preempt each other. While this approach partially solves the problem, some preemptable frames can still suffer long blocking periods, irrespective of their individual priority levels. Indeed, there are frames that do not fall into the express frames category, but nevertheless have firm timing requirements that can only be met if they can benefit from preempting lower priority frames. To ameliorate the condition of such frames, we propose a multi-level preemption paradigm. Specifically, we expose the limitations of the one-level preemption approach experimentally; and we present the feasibility and implementation requirements of the multi-level preemption scheme in details.