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- Accuracy and repeatability of the gait analysis by the WalkinSense systemPublication . P. de Castro, Marcelo; Meucci, Marco; Soares, Denise P.; Fonseca, Pedro; Borgonovo-Santos, Márcio; Sousa, Filipa; Machado, Leandro; Villas-Boas, João PauloWalkinSense is a new device designed to monitor walking. The aim of this study was to measure the accuracy and repeatability of the gait analysis performed by the WalkinSense system. Descriptions of values recorded by WalkinSense depicting typical gait in adults are also presented. A bench experiment using the Trublu calibration device was conducted to statically test the WalkinSense. Following this, a dynamic test was carried out overlapping the WalkinSense and the Pedar insoles in 40 healthy participants during walking. Pressure peak, pressure peak time, pressure-time integral, and mean pressure at eight-foot regions were calculated. In the bench experiments, the repeatability (i) among the WalkinSense sensors (within), (ii) between two WalkinSense devices, and (iii) between the WalkinSense and the Trublu devices was excellent. In the dynamic tests, the repeatability of the WalkinSense (i) between stances in the same trial (within-trial) and (ii) between trials was also excellent (ICC > 0.90). When the eight-foot regions were analyzed separately, the within-trial and between-trials repeatability was good-to-excellent in 88% (ICC > 0.80) of the data and fair in 11%. In short, the data suggest that the WalkinSense has good-to-excellent levels of accuracy and repeatability for plantar pressure variables.
- Transfemoral amputees' gait: principal component analysis of the knee momentsPublication . Soares, Denise; Castro, Marcelo; Mendes, Emília; Machado, LeandroThe purpose of this study was to compare the gait waveforms of the sagittal (KnSAG) and frontal (KnFRT) knee moments between both limbs of TF amputees with able-bodied subjects using PCA. the self-selected speed gait form 14 TF amputees and 20 able-bodied individuals was analyzed. The KnSAG and KnFRT of able-bodied participants, amputated limb and sound limb were calculated using the inverse dynamics approach. PCA was performed in moment waveforms. Considering KnSAG, both TF's lower limbs presented statistical differences compared to the able-bodied participants, while for KnFRT, only the sound limb showed statistical differences compared to the able-bodied subjects. PCA analysis seems to be a powerful tool to analyze gait parameters because it reduces the number of variables necessary to represent the whole gait waveform and it showed to be sensible to identify alterations in knee moment bahaviour.
- Analysis of the backpack loading effects on the human gaitPublication . Machado, Leandro; P. de Castro, Marcelo; Abreu, Sofia; Sousa, Helena; Gonçalves, Pedro; Sousa, Filipa; Santos, Rubim; Pinto, Viviana; Vaz, Mário; Boas, J. Paulo VilasGait is a simple activity of daily life and one of the main abilities of the human being. Often during leisure, labour and sports activities, loads are carried over (e.g. backpack) during gait. These circumstantial loads can generate instability and increase biomechanical stress over the human tissues and systems, especially on the locomotor, balance and postural regulation systems. According to Wearing (2006), subjects that carry a transitory or intermittent load will be able to find relatively efficient solutions to compensate its effects. These are dependent upon the walking distance and of the load characteristics - size, weight and location relatively to the body (Hsiang, 2002).Thus, these solutions should become a concerning factor (Koh, 2009) and a topic of scientific research, particularly in what concerns the inventory of its biomechanical effects and the possible strategies to be developed in order to minimize its effects. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of an occasional dorso-lombar load during the gait through the use of a backpack.
- Lower limb kinematics of transfemoral amputees gait: a principal component analysis approachesPublication . Soares, Denise; Castro, Marcelo; Mendes, Emília; Machado, LeandroThe purpose of this study was to compare the gait waveforms of the ankle, knee and hip in sagital plane kinematic variables between both limbs of transfemoral (TF) amputees and able-bodied subjects using principal component analysis (PCA). Fourteen TF amputees and 20 able-bodied subjects were enrolled in the study. The ankle, knee and hip sagittal plane kinematics were recorded for the able-bodied participants, for the amputed limb and sound limb during self-selected speed gait. The results showed that both TF's lower limbs presented statistical differences in all sudied joints when compared to the able-bodied participants, in different phases in the gait cycle. Also PCA analysis seems to be a powerful tool to descriminate gait parameters considering the whole waveform of the variables involved.