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- Utilização de algoritmos de processamento e análise de imagem na avaliação do dano em placas compósitasPublication . Durão, Luís M.; Magalhães, A. G.; Marques, A. T.; Tavares, João Manuel R. S.A utilização de materiais compósitos tem vindo a aumentar nas últimas décadas em virtude das suas notáveis propriedades mecânicas. Referem-se como vantagens no seu uso o baixo peso, elevada resistência e rigidez. A furação de placas compósitas é um desafio que se coloca às indústrias que trabalham com este tipo de materiais, sendo frequente o recurso a ferramentas convencionais com adaptações. Contudo, a presença de defeitos devidos a operações de maquinagem pode afectar severamente as propriedades mecânicas das peças maquinadas, nomeadamente em zonas de ligação. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma técnica baseada no uso de algoritmos de Processamento e de Análise de Imagem que permite a avaliação de defeitos causados pela maquinagem de placas compósitas e que pode ser utilizada no estudo e definição de estratégias de maquinagem tendentes à minimização do dano envolvido. As conclusões obtidas mostram que tal redução do dano permite um aumento da resistência mecânica das peças e a aplicação de algoritmos de Processamento e Análise de Imagem revela-se adequada.
- Numerical and experimental analyses of biocomposites reinforced with natural fibresPublication . Silva, Leandro J.; Panzera, Túlio Hallak; Christoforo, André Luis; Durão, Luís M.; Lahr, Francisco Antonio Roccon the last decades the biocomposites have been widely used in the construction, automobile and aerospace industries. Not only the interface transition zone (ITZ) but also the heterogeneity of natural fibres affects the mechanical behaviour of these composites. This work focuses on the numerical and experimental analyses of a polymeric composite fabricated with epoxy resin and unidirectional sisal and banana fibres. A three-dimensional model was set to analyze the composites using the elastic properties of the individual phases. In addition, a two-dimensional model was set taking into account the effective composite properties obtained by micromechanical models. A tensile testing was performed to validate the numerical analyses and evaluating the interface condition of the constitutive phases.
- Analyzing objects in images for estimating the delamination influence on load carrying capacity of composite laminatesPublication . Durão, Luís M.; Magalhães, A. G.; Tavares, João Manuel R. S.; Marques, A. T.The use of fiber reinforced plastics has increased in the last decades due to their unique properties. Advantages of their use are related with low weight, high strength and stiffness. Drilling of composite plates can be carried out in conventional machinery with some adaptations. However, the presence of typical defects like delamination can affect mechanical properties of produced parts. In this paper delamination influence in bearing stress of drilled hybrid carbon+glass/epoxy quasi-isotropic plates is studied by using image processing and analysis techniques. Results from bearing test show that damage minimization is an important mean to improve mechanical properties of the joint area of the plate. The appropriateness of the image processing and analysis techniques used in the measurement of the damaged area is demonstrated.
- Avaliação de ferramentas na furação de laminados compósitosPublication . Gonçalves, Daniel J. S.; Durão, Luís M.; Albuquerque, Victor Hugo C. de; Tavares, João Manuel R. S.; Baptista, A. P. M.The development of cutting tools becomes a challenge to the industry of composite materials to obtain high quality holes, minimizing damage. This work aims to examine the influence of various parameters such as feed rate and tool geometry on thrust forces developed during drilling operations and on the extent of damage. In this work, a comparative study of tool geometry with the aim of reducing the associated damage during drilling process is presented. In the end a good combination of tool geometry and drilling parameters based on experimental work will be presented.
- Influência dos parâmetros de maquinagem no dano de placas compósitasPublication . Durão, Luís M.; Magalhães, A. G.; Marques, A. T.; Tavares, João Manuel R. S.Os materiais compósitos têm-se tornado cada vez mais importantes em virtude das suas características específicas, tais como o baixo peso e uma boa relação peso/resistência. As operações de furação são habituais neste tipo de peças, devido à necessidade de posterior montagem em conjuntos. Devido à não-homogeneidade dos compósitos, a furação pode causar alguns danos, de que podem resultar perda de propriedades mecânicas da peça. Uma escolha adequada da ferramenta e dos parâmetros pode diminuir estas consequências. Neste artigo são comparados os resultados obtidos com três diferentes velocidades de corte, três avanços e três geometrias de ferramenta. As conclusões apontam para a importância duma adequada selecção dos parâmetros de maquinagem na redução do dano.
- Delamination analysis of carbon fibre reinforced laminates: evaluation of a special step drillPublication . Marques, A. T.; Durão, Luís M.; Magalhães, A. G.; Silva, João F.; Tavares, João Manuel R. S.Drilling of carbon fibre/epoxy laminates is usually carried out using standard drills. However, it is necessary to adapt the processes and/or tooling as the risk of delamination, or other damages, is high. These problems can affect mechanical properties of produced parts, therefore, lower reliability. In this paper, four different drills – three commercial and a special step (prototype) – are compared in terms of thrust force during drilling and delamination. In order to evaluate damage, enhanced radiography is applied. The resulting images were then computational processed using a previously developed image processing and analysis platform. Results show that the prototype drill had encouraging results in terms of maximum thrust force and delamination reduction. Furthermore, it is possible to state that a correct choice of drill geometry, particularly the use of a pilot hole, a conservative cutting speed – 53 m/min – and a low feed rate – 0.025 mm/rev – can help to prevent delamination.
- Drilling delamination outcomes on glass and sisal reinforced plasticsPublication . Durão, Luís M.; Gonçalves, Daniel J. S.; Tavares, João Manuel R. S.; Albuquerque, Victor Hugo C. de; Panzera, Túlio Hallak; Silva, Leandro J.; Vieira, A. Aguiar; Baptista, A. P. M.Nowadays, fibre reinforced plastics are used in a wide variety of applications. Apart from the most known reinforcement fibres, like glass or carbon, natural fibres can be seen as an economical alternative. However, some mistrust is yet limiting the use of such materials, being one of the main reasons the inconsistency normally found in their mechanical properties. It should be noticed that these materials are more used for their low density than for their high stiffness. In this work, two different types of reinforced plates were compared: glass reinforced epoxy plate and sisal reinforced epoxy plate. For material characterization purposes, tensile and flexural tests were carried out. Main properties of both materials, like elastic modulus, tensile strength or flexural modulus, are presented and compared with reference values. Afterwards, plates were drilled under two different feed rates: low and high, with two diverse tools: twist and brad type drill, while cutting speed was kept constant. Thrust forces during drilling were monitored. Then, delamination area around the hole was assessed by using digital images that were processed using a computational platform previously developed. Finally, drilled plates were mechanically tested for bearing and open-hole resistance. Results were compared and correlated with the measured delamination. Conclusions contribute to the understanding of natural fibres reinforced plastics as a substitute to glass fibres reinforced plastics, helping on cost reductions without compromising reliability, as well as the consequence of delamination on mechanical resistance of this type of composites.
- Drilling process of composite laminates – a tool based analysisPublication . Durão, Luís M.; Gonçalves, Daniel J. S.; Tavares, João Manuel R. S.; Albuquerque, Victor Hugo C. deThe distinctive characteristics of carbon fibre reinforced plastics, like low weight or high specific strength, had broadened their use to new fields. In order to join different components by using bolts, rivets or screws, one of the machining operations needed in composite structures is drilling. Usually, it is accepted that drilling can be carried out using conventional tools and machinery with adaptations. However, this operation can lead to different kind of damages being delamination the most severe as it can reduce the mechanical strength. The main mechanism responsible for delamination occurrence is the indentation caused by the drill chisel edge. It is accepted that a drilling process that reduces the thrust force exerted by the drill chisel edge during machining can decrease the risk of delamination. In this work, two combinations of the drilling process are compared: tool material – HSS, WC and PCD – and geometry – twist, Brad and step. The parameters considered for analysis include: thrust force, delamination extension open-hole strength and bearing strength. Statistical techniques are used in the evaluation. The work performed shows that a proper combination of the factors involved, like tool material, drill geometry or cutting parameters, can help to reduce the occurrence of delamination.
- Drilling tool geometry evaluation for reinforced composite laminatesPublication . Durão, Luís M.; Gonçalves, Daniel J. S.; Tavares, João Manuel R. S.; Albuquerque, Victor Hugo C. de; Vieira, A. Aguiar; Marques, A. T.In this work, a comparative study on different drill point geometries and feed rate for composite laminates drilling is presented. For this goal, thrust force monitoring during drilling, hole wall roughness measurement and delamination extension assessment after drilling is accomplished. Delamination is evaluated using enhanced radiography combined with a dedicated computational platform that integrates algorithms of image processing and analysis. An experimental procedure was planned and consequences were evaluated. Results show that a cautious combination of the factors involved, like drill tip geometry or feed rate, can promote the reduction of delamination damage.
- Maquinagem não convencional sobre placas compósitasPublication . Albuquerque, Victor Hugo C. de; Durão, Luís M.; Tavares, João Manuel R. S.A utilização de materiais compósitos tem crescido nas últimas décadas em virtude do seu baixo peso, elevada resistência e rigidez. A furação de placas compósitas é um desafio que se coloca às indústrias que trabalham com este tipo de materiais, sendo frequente o recurso a ferramentas convencionais, normalmente utilizadas na construção mecânica, com adaptações. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma técnica não convencional baseada na furação por jacto de areia sendo avaliadas as descontinuidades causadas em placas compósitas. Durante este processo de furação, as camadas da placa não resistem o tempo necessário para concluir a perfuração, aquecendo e fragmentando- se, e a areia, com o impacto, perde rapidamente o poder abrasivo. Além disso, o tempo necessário para completar com sucesso a operação seria superior a 5 horas, uma vez que a primeira etapa de jateamento durou aproximadamente uma hora, sendo necessário no fim da mesma repor um novo isolamento devido desgaste sofrido. Nesse momento da operação o progresso obtido era imperceptível. O trabalho experimental realizado permite concluir que a furação por jacto de areia, utilizando um compressor com um caudal de 1700 l/min e jateadora de sucção, não se mostra uma ferramenta promissora para executar operações de furação em placas compósitas.
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