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- European Policies Aiming the Penetration of Distributed Energy Resources in the Energy MarketPublication . Borges, Nuno; Spínola, João; Boldt, Diogo; Faria, Pedro; Vale, ZitaEnergy policies have been widely developed in the recent past as sequence of the increasing relevance of distributed energy resources potential in power systems, namely in achieving the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions gaining independence from fossil fuels. Thus, the main factions in the world, as North America and Europe, have been focusing on the implementation of new energy policies capable of managing several types of energy sources considering their decentralized characteristics. In this way, the present work provides an introduction of how the new energy policies, concerning distributed energy resources, are working towards the increase of these resources penetration in the energy mix. Some successful case studies are presented, namely from Europe, to assess the benefits of such policies to consumers, to producers and to energy market as a whole.
- Domestic Consumption Simulation and Management Using a Continuous Consumption Management and Optimization AlgorithmPublication . Gomes, Luis; Faria, Pedro; Fernandes, Filipe; Vale, Zita; Ramos, CarlosThe recent changes concerning the consumers’ active participation in the efficient management of load devices for one’s own interest and for the interest of the network operator, namely in the context of demand response, leads to the need for improved algorithms and tools. A continuous consumption optimization algorithm has been improved in order to better manage the shifted demand. It has been done in a simulation and user-interaction tool capable of being integrated in a multi-agent smart grid simulator already developed, and also capable of integrating several optimization algorithms to manage real and simulated loads. The case study of this paper enhances the advantages of the proposed algorithm and the benefits of using the developed simulation and user interaction tool.
- Large-scale optimization of households with photovoltaic-battery system and demand responsePublication . Lezama, Fernando; Faia, Ricardo; Abrishambaf, Omid; Faria, Pedro; Vale, ZitaThe adoption of distributed resources by households, e.g., storage units and renewables, open the possibility of self-consumption (on-site generation), sell energy to the grid as a small producer, or do both according to the context of operation. In this paper, a framework capturing the interactions between an aggregator and a large number of households is envisaged. We consider households equipped with distributed resources and simple smart technologies that look for the reduction of energy bills and can perform demand response actions. A mixed-integer linear programming formulation that provides optimal scheduling of household devices and minimal operation costs is developed. Results show that the model can be applied considering up to 10000 households. Moreover, households can reduce up to 20% of their energy bill on average using storage units and demand response. Besides, the aggregator can attain profits by offering the resulting flexibility to upper-level players of the energy chain, such as the distribution system operator.
- Power Quality of Renewable Energy Source Systems: A New Paradigm of Electrical GridsPublication . Baptista, José; Faria, Pedro; Canizes, Bruno; Pinto, TiagoThe power quality delivered by the distribution companies to consumers has always been a relevant issue, especially to industrial consumers, where power quality is directly related to productivity. However, until a few years ago, power quality was mostly synonymous with continuity of service, and the main concern was the minimization of power interruptions. Since the last decade of the twentieth century, power quality has become a strategic issue for all sectors involved in this market, from distribution companies to consumers, with a particular emphasis on industrial consumers as well as equipment manufacturers. The concept of power quality involves a wide range of electromagnetic phenomena that can occur in the power grid. Such changes may occur in different parts of the electrical power system, at customer facilities, or in the distribution network. In recent years, the electric power market has undergone huge transformations, electricity production has become decentralized, and consumers (who can now also be producers) have the opportunity to choose their supplier. The integration of renewable-based microgeneration systems into distribution grids has brought various disturbances to the grid (harmonics, voltage unbalance, voltage fluctuations, frequency deviations, etc.), leading to increasingly degraded power quality. This Special Issue focuses on the analysis of the consequences that renewables-based microgeneration systems have on power networks by finding new solutions for networks management (network optimization models, efficiency, and losses), integrating consumers and micro-producers in order to keep quality parameters at high levels. In this Special Issue, we can see that the interdisciplinarity of these issues is very present among researchers and scholars, who are well aware of the importance and impact that the new paradigm of network management brings in various domains, reflecting on the quality of the contributions submitted. Accordingly, the papers selected for publication cover a wide range of application topics, including electrical mobility, energy storage systems, facility management and control, impact analysis of different types of renewable energy sources, with focus on wind and solar generation, in both low-voltage (LV) and medium-voltage (MV) networks.
- Appliance Shifting for Sequential Processes in Home Management SystemPublication . Spínola, João; Faria, Pedro; Vale, ZitaHome management systems are evolving to enable a more adaptive model to the many consumer’s behaviors, such as, periods of more consumption, habits of appliance use, amongst others. In another perspective, there are processes that require a start-after and sequential operation of multiple appliances, which currently is not a feature that exists in many of the home management systems. The present paper proposes a model to formulate sequential appliances load shifting, such that, the respective processes that the consumer has are maintained implemented correctly. The case study considers multiple appliances that exist in a home, with a sampling of 15 minutes, which is important in order to better observe the appliances consumption cycles.
- Using demand response to deal with unexpected low wind power generation in the context of smart gridPublication . Faria, Pedro; Vale, ZitaDemand response is assumed an essential resource to fully achieve the smart grids operating benefits, namely in the context of competitive markets. Some advantages of Demand Response (DR) programs and of smart grids can only be achieved through the implementation of Real Time Pricing (RTP). The integration of the expected increasing amounts of distributed energy resources, as well as new players, requires new approaches for the changing operation of power systems. The methodology proposed aims the minimization of the operation costs in a smart grid operated by a virtual power player. It is especially useful when actual and day ahead wind forecast differ significantly. When facing lower wind power generation than expected, RTP is used in order to minimize the impacts of such wind availability change. The proposed model application is here illustrated using the scenario of a special wind availability reduction day in the Portuguese power system (8th February 2012).
- LMP triggered real time demand response eventsPublication . Faria, Pedro; Morais, H.; Vale, Zita; Ferreira, JuditeRecent changes in power systems mainly due to the substantial increase of distributed generation and to the operation in competitive environments has created new challenges to operation and planning. In this context, Virtual Power Players (VPP) can aggregate a diversity of players, namely generators and consumers, and a diversity of energy resources, including electricity generation based on several technologies, storage and demand response. Demand response market implementation has been done in recent years. Several implementation models have been considered. An important characteristic of a demand response program is the trigger criterion. A program for which the event trigger depends on the Locational Marginal Price (LMP) used by the New England Independent System operator (ISO-NE) inspired the present paper. This paper proposes a methodology to support VPP demand response programs management. The proposed method has been computationally implemented and its application is illustrated using a 32 bus network with intensive use of distributed generation. Results concerning the evaluation of the impact of using demand response events are also presented.
- Price-based and Incentive-based Framework of Demand Response in PortugalPublication . Spínola, João; Faria, Pedro; Vale, ZitaDemand Response is a flexibility tool that can provide several benefits to the electric power system’s operation, namely by providing ancillary services. Although several countries have similar active consumer approaches, the truth is that these methodologies are not always clear or transparent to outsiders, and even sometimes to locals (difficult interpretation of legislation). In this way, the present paper explains Portuguese price-based and incentive-based demand response strategies, and proceed with an analysis and evaluation of the current stage of their implementation. Although the programs exist and are available, their actual use are still very limited.
- Demonstration of an Energy Consumption Forecasting System for Energy Management in BuildingsPublication . Jozi, Aria; Ramos, Daniel; Gomes, Luis; Faria, Pedro; Pinto, Tiago; Vale, ZitaDue to the increment of the energy consumption and dependency of the nowadays lifestyle to the electrical appliances, the essential role of an energy management system in the buildings is realized more than ever. With this motivation, predicting energy consumption is very relevant to support the energy management in buildings. In this paper, the use of an energy management system supported by forecasting models applied to energy consumption prediction is demonstrated. The real-time automatic forecasting system is running separately but integrated with the existing SCADA system. Nine different forecasting approaches to obtain the most reliable estimated energy consumption of the building during the following hours are implemented.
- Demand response in future power systems management – a conceptual framework and simulation toolPublication . Faria, Pedro; Vale, Zita; Morais, H.In competitive electricity markets with deep efficiency concerns, demand response gains significant importance. Moreover, demand response can play a very relevant role in the context of power systems with an intensive use of distributed energy resources, from which renewable intermittent sources are a significant part. More active consumers’ participation can help improving the system reliability and decrease or defer the required investments. From the consumers’ point of view, it can result in reduced costs while guaranteeing adequate comfort levels. As demand response levels have decreased after the introduction of competition in the power industry, new approaches are required to take full advantage of demand response opportunities. DemSi, a demand response simulator, designed and implemented in the scope of this thesis, allows studying demand response actions and schemes in distribution networks. It undertakes the technical validation of the solution using realistic network simulation based on PSCAD. DemSi is able to support decision making concerning demand response programs design and use. DemSi considers the players involved in demand response actions, and the results can be analyzed from each specific player point of view. Five types of players are considered: electricity consumers, electricity retailers/suppliers, distribution network operators (DNO), Curtailment Service Providers, and Virtual Power Players (VPPs). Each model considers the minimization of the operation costs or the maximization of the profits. Several models were developed covering a diversity of demand response programs. Each model is defined by a number of items such as the program event trigger (mostly based on Locational Marginal Prices), the response characterization, and the aggregated participation of players, namely consumers and DG owners.