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Abstract(s)
No âmbito desta dissertação, serão desenvolvidos estudos técnico/económicos relativamente à implementação de regimes de neutro e redes de terras numa instalação industrial destinada à produção de baterias de lítio. Com o objetivo de integrar, apresentar e compreender as temáticas da dissertação realizou-se, na primeira parte do trabalho, o estado da arte. No estado da arte, primeiramente foi abordado os efeitos da corrente elétrica no corpo humano, no qual pode não ocorrer qualquer reação ou, pelo contrário, pode provocar paragem cardíaca, sendo os riscos mais elevados quanto maior for a intensidade de corrente e a duração do contacto. A compreensão dos riscos associados à passagem de corrente elétrica pelo corpo humano permite a integração de medidas de proteção eficazes nas instalações. As proteções são divididas em proteção contra contactos diretos e indiretos, no qual, ambas as proteções, apresentam medidas ativas e passivas. A introdução destes conceitos foi importante para a compreensão detalhada dos regimes de
neutro. Relativamente a este tópico, a norma IEC 60364 identifica três esquemas de ligação à terra no qual foram apresentadas as particularidades de funcionamento de cada um. Por fim, o último tema elaborado foi referente às instalações de ligações à terra, no qual foi ilustrado a constituição de uma instalação de ligação à terra com uma devida explicação dos vários constituintes da mesma. No âmbito deste tema, foi importante abordar a resistência de terra e a resistividade, pois são dois parâmetros essenciais e que necessitam de ser controlados para um dimensionamento apropriado das redes de terra. O estágio foi desenvolvido em contexto empresarial na “Quadrante – Engenharia e Consultoria, S.A.”. A execução do trabalho de desenvolvimento foi apoiada numa fábrica de produção de baterias de lítio, situada na zona industrial e logística de Sines, a qual apresenta diversos edifícios com funcionalidades diferentes. Dadas as características inerentes a uma planta
industrial, foi fundamental ter em consideração a fiabilidade, continuidade de serviço e segurança das pessoas. Assim, foi realizado um estudo do esquema de ligação à terra adequado à unidade industrial, bem como uma análise da viabilidade económica do cenário implementado. Por último, em relação às redes de terra, o objetivo consistiu em identificar as implicações no seu design e uma análise de diversas soluções com a finalidade de garantir a segurança da instalação.
As part of this dissertation, technical/economic studies will be carried out on the implementation of neutral earthing and earthing grids in an industrial plant to produce lithium batteries. To integrate, present and understand the themes of the dissertation, the first part of the work was the state of the art. In the state of the art, we first looked at the effects of electric current on the human body, in which there may be no reaction or, on the contrary, it may cause cardiac arrest, the risks being higher the greater the current intensity and the duration of contact. Understanding the risks associated with the passage of electric current through the human body allows effective protection measures to be integrated into installations. Protection is divided into direct and indirect contact protection, both of which include active and passive measures. The introduction of these concepts was important for a detailed understanding of neutral earthing. In relation to this topic, the IEC 60364 standard identifies three neutral earthing, in which the operating characteristics of each were presented. Finally, the last topic was on earthing installations, in which the constitution of an earthing installation was illustrated with a proper explanation of its various components. As part of this topic, it was important to address earth resistance and resistivity, as these are two essential parameters that need to be controlled in order to properly size the earthing grid. The internship was developed in a business context at "Quadrante - Engenharia e Consultoria, S.A.". The development work was carried out in a lithium battery production plant, located in the industrial and logistics area of Sines, which has several buildings with different functions. Given the inherent characteristics of an industrial plant, it was essential to consider reliability, continuity of service and people's safety. A study was therefore carried out into the appropriate neutral earthing for the industrial plant, as well as an analysis of the economic viability of the scenario implemented. Finally, about the earthing grid, the aim was to identify the implications for its design and an analysis of various solutions with the aim of guaranteeing the safety of the installation.
As part of this dissertation, technical/economic studies will be carried out on the implementation of neutral earthing and earthing grids in an industrial plant to produce lithium batteries. To integrate, present and understand the themes of the dissertation, the first part of the work was the state of the art. In the state of the art, we first looked at the effects of electric current on the human body, in which there may be no reaction or, on the contrary, it may cause cardiac arrest, the risks being higher the greater the current intensity and the duration of contact. Understanding the risks associated with the passage of electric current through the human body allows effective protection measures to be integrated into installations. Protection is divided into direct and indirect contact protection, both of which include active and passive measures. The introduction of these concepts was important for a detailed understanding of neutral earthing. In relation to this topic, the IEC 60364 standard identifies three neutral earthing, in which the operating characteristics of each were presented. Finally, the last topic was on earthing installations, in which the constitution of an earthing installation was illustrated with a proper explanation of its various components. As part of this topic, it was important to address earth resistance and resistivity, as these are two essential parameters that need to be controlled in order to properly size the earthing grid. The internship was developed in a business context at "Quadrante - Engenharia e Consultoria, S.A.". The development work was carried out in a lithium battery production plant, located in the industrial and logistics area of Sines, which has several buildings with different functions. Given the inherent characteristics of an industrial plant, it was essential to consider reliability, continuity of service and people's safety. A study was therefore carried out into the appropriate neutral earthing for the industrial plant, as well as an analysis of the economic viability of the scenario implemented. Finally, about the earthing grid, the aim was to identify the implications for its design and an analysis of various solutions with the aim of guaranteeing the safety of the installation.
Description
Keywords
Neutral Earthing Energy Distribution Sizing Earth Grid Regimes de neutro Distribuição de energia Dimensionamento Redes de terra