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Impressão 3D de argamassa geopolimérica utilizando rejeito de mineração: Aplicações em equipamentos de drenagem urbana
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Resumo(s)
A crescente demanda por soluções sustentáveis na construção civil tem impulsionado a busca
por alternativas ao cimento Portland, material responsável por significativa emissão de dióxido
de carbono. Nesse contexto, o concreto geopolimérico, produzido a partir da ativação alcalina
de precursores ricos em sílica e alumina, apresenta-se como alternativa promissora, sobretudo
quando associado ao reaproveitamento de rejeitos de mineração, reduzindo impactos
ambientais e promovendo a economia circular. Paralelamente, a impressão 3D surge como uma
inovação capaz de otimizar processos construtivos, ampliar a liberdade geométrica, reduzir
desperdícios e consumo de materiais. Esta pesquisa investiga o desenvolvimento de argamassas
geopoliméricas para fins de impressão 3D, formulados com rejeitos de mineração, com
aplicações voltadas à produção de componentes de drenagem urbana. O estudo abrange a
caracterização granulométrica e reológica das misturas, o desenvolvimento de traços com
aditivos minerais e sintéticos modificadores de reologia, a geração de modelos CAD, a
implementação de comandos numéricos para envio de instruções em código G para a placa
controladora da impressora 3D, a impressão de protótipos dos componentes de drenagem
urbana e a moldagem de corpos de prova para a avaliação de propriedades mecânicas,
incluindo resistência à compressão e tração à flexão. Os resultados obtidos permitem validar a
aplicabilidade das formulações desenvolvidas para o uso em componentes de drenagem
urbana. A Formulação I (referência-base) apresentou os maiores valores, com média de 9,64
MPa aos 7 dias e 11,62 MPa aos 14 dias, um incremento de aproximadamente 20%. A
Formulação II (com incorporação de aditivos minerais e sintéticos ultrafinos) evoluiu de 0,91
para 1,52 MPa (aumento de cerca de 67%), enquanto a Formulação III (50% da areia total, a
parte representada pela areia fina, é substituída pelo jeito de mineração), inicialmente com 0,41
MPa, alcançou 0,97 MPa aos 14 dias (aumento de cerca de 136%). Conclui-se que a Formulação
III destaca-se pelo caráter sustentável, confirmando a viabilidade técnica do reaproveitamento
de rejeitos de mineração em matrizes geopoliméricas, ainda que necessite de ajustes para
aprimorar seu desempenho.
The growing demand for sustainable solutions in the construction industry has driven the search for alternatives to Portland cement, a material responsible for significant carbon dioxide emissions. In this context, geopolymer concrete—produced through the alkaline activation of silica- and alumina-rich precursors—has emerged as a promising alternative, especially when combined with the reuse of mining tailings, thereby reducing environmental impacts and promoting circular economy practices. Concurrently, 3D printing has become an innovative technique capable of optimizing construction processes, enhancing geometric freedom, and reducing waste and material consumption. This research investigates the development of geopolymeric mortars for 3D printing using mining tailings, with applications focused on the production of urban drainage components. The study encompasses granulometric and rheological characterization of the mixtures, the development of mix designs incorporating mineral and synthetic rheology-modifying additives, CAD model generation, the implementation of numerical commands for G-code instructions sent to the 3D printer controller board, the printing of prototype drainage components, and the molding of test specimens to evaluate mechanical properties, including compressive and flexural tensile strength. The results confirm the applicability of the developed formulations for use in urban drainage components. Formulation I (reference mix) presented the highest values, with an average compressive strength of 9.64 MPa at 7 days and 11.62 MPa at 14 days (approximately 20% increase). Formulation II (containing ultrafine mineral and synthetic additives) increased from 0.91 to 1.52 MPa (around 67%), while Formulation III (in which 50% of the fine aggregate fraction was replaced by mining tailings) increased from 0.41 MPa to 0.97 MPa at 14 days (approximately 136% increase). Formulation III stands out for its sustainable character, confirming the technical feasibility of incorporating mining tailings into geopolymeric matrices, although further adjustments are needed to enhance its performance.
The growing demand for sustainable solutions in the construction industry has driven the search for alternatives to Portland cement, a material responsible for significant carbon dioxide emissions. In this context, geopolymer concrete—produced through the alkaline activation of silica- and alumina-rich precursors—has emerged as a promising alternative, especially when combined with the reuse of mining tailings, thereby reducing environmental impacts and promoting circular economy practices. Concurrently, 3D printing has become an innovative technique capable of optimizing construction processes, enhancing geometric freedom, and reducing waste and material consumption. This research investigates the development of geopolymeric mortars for 3D printing using mining tailings, with applications focused on the production of urban drainage components. The study encompasses granulometric and rheological characterization of the mixtures, the development of mix designs incorporating mineral and synthetic rheology-modifying additives, CAD model generation, the implementation of numerical commands for G-code instructions sent to the 3D printer controller board, the printing of prototype drainage components, and the molding of test specimens to evaluate mechanical properties, including compressive and flexural tensile strength. The results confirm the applicability of the developed formulations for use in urban drainage components. Formulation I (reference mix) presented the highest values, with an average compressive strength of 9.64 MPa at 7 days and 11.62 MPa at 14 days (approximately 20% increase). Formulation II (containing ultrafine mineral and synthetic additives) increased from 0.91 to 1.52 MPa (around 67%), while Formulation III (in which 50% of the fine aggregate fraction was replaced by mining tailings) increased from 0.41 MPa to 0.97 MPa at 14 days (approximately 136% increase). Formulation III stands out for its sustainable character, confirming the technical feasibility of incorporating mining tailings into geopolymeric matrices, although further adjustments are needed to enhance its performance.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Geopolymer mortar 3D printing Urban drainage components Mining residue Sustainability Argamassa geopolimérica Impressão 3D Equipamentos de drenagem urbana Rejeito de mineração Sustentabilidade