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Children environmental exposure to particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and biomonitoring in school environments: A review on indoor and outdoor exposure levels, major sources and health impacts

2019Journal article Open access
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dc.contributor.authorOliveira, Marta
dc.contributor.authorSlezakova, Klara
dc.contributor.authorDelerue-Matos, Cristina
dc.contributor.authorPereira, Maria Carmo
dc.contributor.authorMorais, Simone
dc.date.accessioned2020-07-31T10:20:04Z
dc.date.available2020-07-31T10:20:04Z
dc.date.issued2019
dc.description.abstractChildren, an important vulnerable group, spend most of their time at schools (up to 10 h per day, mostly indoors) and the respective air quality may significantly impact on children health. Thus, this work reviews the published studies on children biomonitoring and environmental exposure to particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at school microenvironments (indoors and outdoors), major sources and potential health risks. A total of 28, 35, and 31% of the studies reported levels that exceeded the international outdoor ambient air guidelines for PM10, PM2.5, and benzo(a)pyrene, respectively. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM10 at European schools, the most characterized continent, ranged between 7.5 and 229 μg/m3 and 21-166 μg/m3, respectively; levels of PM2.5 varied between 4 and 100 μg/m3 indoors and 6.1-115 μg/m3 outdoors. Despite scarce information in some geographical regions (America, Oceania and Africa), the collected data clearly show that Asian children are exposed to the highest concentrations of PM and PAHs at school environments, which were associated with increased carcinogenic risks and with the highest values of urinary total monohydroxyl PAH metabolites (PAH biomarkers of exposure). Additionally, children attending schools in polluted urban and industrial areas are exposed to higher levels of PM and PAHs with increased concentrations of urinary PAH metabolites in comparison with children from rural areas. Strong evidences demonstrated associations between environmental exposure to PM and PAHs with several health outcomes, including increased risk of asthma, pulmonary infections, skin diseases, and allergies. Nevertheless, there is a scientific gap on studies that include the characterization of PM fine fraction and the levels of PAHs in the total air (particulate and gas phases) of indoor and outdoor air of school environments and the associated risks for the health of children. There is a clear need to improve indoor air quality in schools and to establish international guidelines for exposure limits in these environments.pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.052pt_PT
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.22/16142
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.publisherElsevierpt_PT
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016041201832186X?via%3Dihubpt_PT
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/pt_PT
dc.subjectParticulate matter (PM)pt_PT
dc.subjectChild Healthpt_PT
dc.subjectEnvironmental Exposurept_PT
dc.subjectEnvironmental Monitoringpt_PT
dc.subjectSchoolspt_PT
dc.subjectBiomarkerspt_PT
dc.subjectChildren exposurept_PT
dc.subjectHealth effectspt_PT
dc.subjectPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)pt_PT
dc.titleChildren environmental exposure to particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and biomonitoring in school environments: A review on indoor and outdoor exposure levels, major sources and health impactspt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.endPage204pt_PT
oaire.citation.startPage180pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleEnvironment Internationalpt_PT
oaire.citation.volume124pt_PT
person.familyNameMarques de Oliveira
person.familyNameSlezakova
person.familyNameDelerue-Matos
person.familyNameMorais
person.givenNameMarta Madalena
person.givenNameKlara
person.givenNameCristina
person.givenNameSimone
person.identifierE-1761-2011
person.identifier1921769
person.identifier1598822
person.identifier.ciencia-id0A1C-A89D-641A
person.identifier.ciencia-idD419-0115-8329
person.identifier.ciencia-id9A1A-43FB-5C27
person.identifier.ciencia-idB111-BBFB-F200
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-4150-0151
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-5265-4186
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-3924-776X
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-6433-5801
person.identifier.ridK-8178-2013
person.identifier.ridD-4990-2013
person.identifier.scopus-author-id57202841330
person.identifier.scopus-author-id16403150200
person.identifier.scopus-author-id6603741848
person.identifier.scopus-author-id7007053747
rcaap.rightsopenAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
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