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A importância de uma evacuação eficiente e eficaz em estádios de futebol tende a aumentar nos dias de hoje. A necessidade de evacuação de um espaço público em momentos de desastres naturais e/ou humanos com o objetivo de permitir a segurança dos ocupantes implica a existência de um plano de evacuação. A simulação computacional permite o estudo de várias possibilidades, averiguando qual a melhor para a situação em análise. O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado prende-se com a análise e melhoria do processo de evacuação do Estádio do Dragão, Estádio oficial do Futebol Clube do Porto. Desta forma, realizou-se um modelo de simulação computacional do Estádio do Dragão através do software PathFinder, para que, depois, fosse possível estudar e analisar 10 cenários diferentes de evacuação das bancadas. No final, compararam-se os cenários através dos tempos totais de evacuação de cada bancada. Foram estudadas ainda várias combinações com as portas de saída do Estádio do Dragão com diferentes velocidades e diferentes valores para Current Door Preference (variável presente no software), que permite a mudança ou não da porta de saída por parte dos adeptos ao longo da evacuação. A partir desta dissertação, concluiu-se que o tempo necessário para a evacuação total do Estádio do Dragão, com capacidade para 50033 lugares, está compreendido entre 1004,0 e 1158,3 segundos (entre 16,7 e 19,3 minutos) para velocidades de 1,6 e 1,2 m/s, respetivamente. A zona visitante do Estádio do Dragão, com lotação máxima, consegue ser evacuada entre 991,5 e 1117 segundos (entre 16,5 minutos e 18,6 minutos) para velocidades de 1,6 e 1,2 m/s, respetivamente. A zona da claque (setor 08 e 09) é possível ser evacuada entre os 562,3 e 672,3 segundos (entre 9,4 e 11,2 minutos) para velocidades de 1,6 e 1,2 m/s, respetivamente. A evacuação do staff dos escritórios do piso 3 pode ser realizada entre os 189,8 e 231,3 segundos (entre 3,2 e 3,9 minutos) para velocidades de 1,6 e 1,2 m/s, respetivamente. Conclui-se ainda que um número elevado de adeptos, numa determinada bancada, não implica uma necessidade de maior tempo de evacuação. As duas bancadas Centrais e Laterais são aquelas que possuem mais adeptos. No entanto, precisam de menos tempo para uma evacuação total dos adeptos. Por outro lado, a arquibancada nascente e a zona visitante (bancadas com maior altura) são as zonas que necessitam de mais tempo de evacuação.
The importance of an efficient and effective evacuation in football stadiums tends to increase these days. The necessity to evacuate a public space in times of natural and/or human disasters in order to ensure the safety of the occupants implies the existence of an evacuation plan. Computer simulation allows the study of several possibilities, finding out which one is the best for the situation under analysis. The aim of this master's thesis concerns the analysis and improvement of the evacuation process at Estádio do Dragão, the official stadium of Futebol Clube do Porto. In this way, a computer simulation model of Estádio do Dragão was carried out using the PathFinder software, so that, later, it would be possible to study and analyze 10 different scenarios of evacuation of the stands. In the end, the scenarios were compared through the total evacuation times of each stand. Several combinations were also studied with the exit doors of Estádio do Dragão with different speeds and different values for Current Door Preference (variable present in the software), that allows supporters to change or not the exit door during the evacuation. From this dissertation, it was concluded that the time required for the total evacuation of Estádio do Dragão, with capacity for 50033 seats, is between 1004,0 and 1158,3 seconds (between 16,7 and 19,3 minutes) for speeds of 1,6 and 1,2 m/s, respectively. The visitor area of Estádio do Dragão, with maximum capacity, can be evacuated between 991,5 and 1117 seconds (between 16,5 minutes and 18,6 minutes) for speeds of 1,6 and 1,2 m/s, respectively. The cheering zone (sectors 08 and 09) can be evacuated between 562,3 and 672,3 seconds (between 9,4 and 11,2 minutes) for speeds of 1,6 and 1,2 m/s, respectively. The evacuation of the staff from the offices on the 3rd floor can be carried out between 189,8 and 231,3 seconds (between 3,2 and 3,9 minutes) for speeds of 1,6 and 1,2 m/s, respectively. It was also concluded that a high number of supporters, in a given stand, does not imply a need for a longer evacuation time. The two Central and Side stands are those with the most supporters, however, they need less time for a total evacuation of supporters. On the other hand, the eastern stands and the visitor area (stands with greater height) are the areas that need more evacuation time.
The importance of an efficient and effective evacuation in football stadiums tends to increase these days. The necessity to evacuate a public space in times of natural and/or human disasters in order to ensure the safety of the occupants implies the existence of an evacuation plan. Computer simulation allows the study of several possibilities, finding out which one is the best for the situation under analysis. The aim of this master's thesis concerns the analysis and improvement of the evacuation process at Estádio do Dragão, the official stadium of Futebol Clube do Porto. In this way, a computer simulation model of Estádio do Dragão was carried out using the PathFinder software, so that, later, it would be possible to study and analyze 10 different scenarios of evacuation of the stands. In the end, the scenarios were compared through the total evacuation times of each stand. Several combinations were also studied with the exit doors of Estádio do Dragão with different speeds and different values for Current Door Preference (variable present in the software), that allows supporters to change or not the exit door during the evacuation. From this dissertation, it was concluded that the time required for the total evacuation of Estádio do Dragão, with capacity for 50033 seats, is between 1004,0 and 1158,3 seconds (between 16,7 and 19,3 minutes) for speeds of 1,6 and 1,2 m/s, respectively. The visitor area of Estádio do Dragão, with maximum capacity, can be evacuated between 991,5 and 1117 seconds (between 16,5 minutes and 18,6 minutes) for speeds of 1,6 and 1,2 m/s, respectively. The cheering zone (sectors 08 and 09) can be evacuated between 562,3 and 672,3 seconds (between 9,4 and 11,2 minutes) for speeds of 1,6 and 1,2 m/s, respectively. The evacuation of the staff from the offices on the 3rd floor can be carried out between 189,8 and 231,3 seconds (between 3,2 and 3,9 minutes) for speeds of 1,6 and 1,2 m/s, respectively. It was also concluded that a high number of supporters, in a given stand, does not imply a need for a longer evacuation time. The two Central and Side stands are those with the most supporters, however, they need less time for a total evacuation of supporters. On the other hand, the eastern stands and the visitor area (stands with greater height) are the areas that need more evacuation time.
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Keywords
PathFinder Simulação computacional Evacuação Estádio do Dragão Cenário Velocidade Tempo de Evacuação Computer Simulation Evacuation Scenario Speed Evacuation Time