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Authors
Abstract(s)
Os Fármacos (F) nas águas superficiais representam preocupação para a
comunidade científica devido ao risco de efeitos adversos para os ecossistemas aquáticos
e a saúde humana, sendo os efluentes das Estações de Tratamento de Águas Residuais
(ETAR) as principais fontes de emissão no ambiente.
Neste Trabalho foi criada uma base de dados de monitorização ambiental de F que
inclui 2967 registos de concentração, localização e data de amostragem relativa a 9 dos
principais rios portugueses e aos efluentes de 12 ETAR. A análise mostra que dos 136 F
detetados nos efluentes de ETAR, apenas 56 F foram detetados também nas águas
superficiais portuguesas, sendo os analgésicos/AINEs, os antibióticos, as drogas
psiquiátricas e os reguladores do colesterol as classes terapêuticas mais presentes.
Observa-se uma clara diferença entre a quantidade de dados disponíveis para o sul do país
(quase ausentes) e o centro-norte do país, o que pode levar a subestimar riscos ambientais
existentes em locais não sujeitos a monitorização. O Valor de Ocorrência (VO) de F,
calculado tendo em conta o número e a distribuição espaço-temporal de dados, mostra
que dos 136 F detetados nos efluentes de ETAR, 23 apresentam VO Médio e 113 VO
Baixo. Nenhum dos F mostrou um valor de ocorrência Alto ou Muito Alto, devido
principalmente ao baixo número de dados por local analisado, enquanto no caso das águas
superficiais há uma diferença grande entre os F muito estudados e outros pouco
estudados, tendo 6 F valor de ocorrência Muito Alto ou Alto (carbamazepina, citalopram,
clarithromicina, ibuprofeno, trimethoprim, venlafaxina).
Apesar das ETAR mostrarem alguma capacidade de remoção e os ecossistemas
aquáticos uma parcial capacidade de autodepuração, a Análise do Quociente de Risco
Ambiental (RQ) mostra, numa análise em média nacional, que a carbamazepina, a
fluoxetina, o ibuprofeno, a azitromicina, o 17-beta estradiol, o 17-alfa-etinilestradiol, e a
estrona, são os únicos F a apresentar RQ>1 (Alto), todos os outros mostram RQ Médio
ou Baixo. Os valores de impacto de Ecotoxicidade de água doce calculados com a
metodologia “USETOX_Fármacos” (PAF.m3
.d), e os valores de RQ, calculados a partir
de dados de ecotoxicidade crónica e de Concentração Sem Efeito Observável (NOEC),
apresentam uma correlação positiva forte e estatisticamente significativa. Este resultado
confirma que os valores de impacto ambiental obtidos através da metodologia de Análise
de Ciclo de Vida (ACV), para além de ser usados para comparar cenários diferentes entre
eles, como a literatura científica refere, podem ser correlacionados com confiança com os
valores de RQ se estes forem calculados a partir de dados de EC obtidos em ensaios de
ecotoxicidade crónica ou de concentração máxima sem efeito observado, proporcionando
uma perceção real e de fácil compreensão do risco para o ambiente associado à presença
de F.
The pharmaceuticals (F) present in surface waters represent a concern for the scientific community due to the risk of adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health, with effluents from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) being the main sources of emission in the environment. In this work a database of environmental monitoring of F was created that includes 2967 records of concentration, location and sampling date of 9 of the main Portuguese rivers and the effluents of 12 WWTP. The analysis shows that of the 136 F detected in WWTP effluents, only 56 F were also detected in Portuguese surface waters, with analgesics/NSAIDs, antibiotics, psychiatric and cholesterol regulators being the most common therapeutic classes. There is a clear difference between the amount of data available for the south of the country (almost absent) and the north-center of the country, which may lead to underestimating the environmental risks in places not submitted to monitoring. The Occurrence Value (VO) of F, calculated taking into account the number and spatio-temporal distribution of the data, shows that of the 136 F detected in the effluents of the WWTP, 23 have Medium VO and 113 Low VO. None of the F presented High or Very High occurrence value, mainly due to the low number of data per site analyzed. In the case of surface waters there is a great difference between the F much studied and others little studied, having 6 F occurrence value Very High or High (carbamazepine, citalopram, clarithromycin, ibuprofen, trimethoprim, venlafaxine). Although WWTPs have some removal capacity and aquatic ecosystems have a partial capacity for self-purification, the Environmental Risk Quotient (QR) Analysis shows, in a national average analysis, that carbamazepine, fluoxetine, ibuprofen, azithromycin, 17-beta estradiol, 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol and estrone are the only F to present RQ>1 (High), all others have Medium or Low QR. The impact values of freshwater ecotoxicity calculated with the "USETOX_Fármacos" methodology (PAF.m3 .d) and the QR values, calculated from chronic ecotoxicity and no-observable effect (NOEC) data, show a strong and statistically significant positive correlation. This result confirms that the environmental impact values obtained through the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology, in addition to being used to compare different scenarios with each other, as stated in the scientific literature, can be reliably correlated with the QR values if they are calculated from values of EC50 observed during chronic ecotoxicity assay or from concentrations of No-Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC), providing a real and easily understandable perception of the risk to the environment associated with the presence of F.
The pharmaceuticals (F) present in surface waters represent a concern for the scientific community due to the risk of adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health, with effluents from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) being the main sources of emission in the environment. In this work a database of environmental monitoring of F was created that includes 2967 records of concentration, location and sampling date of 9 of the main Portuguese rivers and the effluents of 12 WWTP. The analysis shows that of the 136 F detected in WWTP effluents, only 56 F were also detected in Portuguese surface waters, with analgesics/NSAIDs, antibiotics, psychiatric and cholesterol regulators being the most common therapeutic classes. There is a clear difference between the amount of data available for the south of the country (almost absent) and the north-center of the country, which may lead to underestimating the environmental risks in places not submitted to monitoring. The Occurrence Value (VO) of F, calculated taking into account the number and spatio-temporal distribution of the data, shows that of the 136 F detected in the effluents of the WWTP, 23 have Medium VO and 113 Low VO. None of the F presented High or Very High occurrence value, mainly due to the low number of data per site analyzed. In the case of surface waters there is a great difference between the F much studied and others little studied, having 6 F occurrence value Very High or High (carbamazepine, citalopram, clarithromycin, ibuprofen, trimethoprim, venlafaxine). Although WWTPs have some removal capacity and aquatic ecosystems have a partial capacity for self-purification, the Environmental Risk Quotient (QR) Analysis shows, in a national average analysis, that carbamazepine, fluoxetine, ibuprofen, azithromycin, 17-beta estradiol, 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol and estrone are the only F to present RQ>1 (High), all others have Medium or Low QR. The impact values of freshwater ecotoxicity calculated with the "USETOX_Fármacos" methodology (PAF.m3 .d) and the QR values, calculated from chronic ecotoxicity and no-observable effect (NOEC) data, show a strong and statistically significant positive correlation. This result confirms that the environmental impact values obtained through the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology, in addition to being used to compare different scenarios with each other, as stated in the scientific literature, can be reliably correlated with the QR values if they are calculated from values of EC50 observed during chronic ecotoxicity assay or from concentrations of No-Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC), providing a real and easily understandable perception of the risk to the environment associated with the presence of F.
Description
Keywords
Pharmaceuticals Environmental Risk Quotient Life Cycle Assessment Freshwater Ecotoxicity USETox method