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Influência do comportamento humano na eficiência da evacuação de edifícios: Uma análise baseada em simulação com o software Pathfinder
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
A evacuação de edifícios em situações de emergência constitui um dos aspetos mais
críticos para a segurança dos seus ocupantes. Ao contrário do que modelos tradicionais
assumiam, os indivíduos não respondem de forma homogénea perante situações
de perigo, sendo o seu comportamento influenciado por um conjunto complexo de fatores
individuais, sociais, ambientais e organizacionais. Compreender de que forma
estes fatores afetam o desempenho da evacuação é, por isso, fundamental para a
conceção de planos de emergência eficazes e adaptados às necessidades reais dos
ocupantes.
O objetivo principal desta dissertação é analisar e avaliar a influência do comportamento
humano na eficiência da evacuação de edifícios, recorrendo ao software
de simulação Pathfinder. Para o efeito, foi selecionada a Biblioteca Municipal de
Gondomar como edifício de referência, um espaço público de três pisos com uma
população heterogénea, composta por crianças, adultos e idosos. Foi desenvolvido e
validado um modelo computacional tridimensional do edifício, com base nas plantas
reais fornecidas pelos responsáveis da biblioteca, tendo sido obtido um erro percentual
médio de 5,22 face aos tempos de evacuação cronometrados no local, o que
confirma a validade do modelo para efeitos de análise.
Com base neste modelo, foram simulados cinco cenários de evacuação distintos,
cada um representando uma dimensão comportamental diferente: o cenário base, a
influência do tempo de pré-movimento, o comportamento de grupo, a liderança e o
efeito de herding. Em cada cenário foram realizadas duas simulações, com e sem
utilização do elevador, de forma a avaliar o contributo deste meio de acesso vertical
para a eficiência da evacuação, considerando sempre uma lotação de 350 ocupantes
e uma velocidade média de deslocamento de 1,4 m/s com distribuição normal.
De um modo geral, concluiu-se que a componente comportamental é determinante
para o desempenho global da evacuação, não podendo ser dissociada da análise
das características físicas do edifício.
Building evacuation in emergency situations is one of the most critical aspects of occupant safety. Unlike what traditional models assumed, individuals do not respond homogeneously when faced with danger, as their behaviour is influenced by a complex set of individual, social, environmental and organisational factors. Understanding how these factors affect evacuation performance is therefore fundamental for the design of effective emergency plans adapted to the real needs of occupants. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyse and evaluate the influence of human behaviour on the efficiency of building evacuation, using the Pathfinder simulation software. For this purpose, the Gondomar Municipal Library was selected as the reference building—a three-storey public space with a heterogeneous population comprising children, adults and elderly people. A three-dimensional computational model of the building was developed and validated based on the actual floor plans provided by the library’s staff, achieving an average percentage error of 5.22 compared to evacuation times measured on-site, which confirms the model’s validity for analysis purposes. Based on this model, five distinct evacuation scenarios were simulated, each representing a different behavioural dimension: the baseline scenario, the influence of pre-movement time, group behaviour, leadership and the herding effect. In each scenario, two simulations were carried out, with and without elevator use, in order to assess the contribution of this vertical access means to evacuation efficiency, always considering an occupancy of 350 people and an average travel speed of 1.4 m/s with a normal distribution. Overall, it was concluded that the behavioural component is a determining factor in overall evacuation performance and cannot be dissociated from the analysis of the building’s physical characteristics.
Building evacuation in emergency situations is one of the most critical aspects of occupant safety. Unlike what traditional models assumed, individuals do not respond homogeneously when faced with danger, as their behaviour is influenced by a complex set of individual, social, environmental and organisational factors. Understanding how these factors affect evacuation performance is therefore fundamental for the design of effective emergency plans adapted to the real needs of occupants. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyse and evaluate the influence of human behaviour on the efficiency of building evacuation, using the Pathfinder simulation software. For this purpose, the Gondomar Municipal Library was selected as the reference building—a three-storey public space with a heterogeneous population comprising children, adults and elderly people. A three-dimensional computational model of the building was developed and validated based on the actual floor plans provided by the library’s staff, achieving an average percentage error of 5.22 compared to evacuation times measured on-site, which confirms the model’s validity for analysis purposes. Based on this model, five distinct evacuation scenarios were simulated, each representing a different behavioural dimension: the baseline scenario, the influence of pre-movement time, group behaviour, leadership and the herding effect. In each scenario, two simulations were carried out, with and without elevator use, in order to assess the contribution of this vertical access means to evacuation efficiency, always considering an occupancy of 350 people and an average travel speed of 1.4 m/s with a normal distribution. Overall, it was concluded that the behavioural component is a determining factor in overall evacuation performance and cannot be dissociated from the analysis of the building’s physical characteristics.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Human Behaviour Building Evacuation Simulation Pathfinder Software Computational Model Pre-Movement Time Group Behaviour Leadership Herding Effect Efeito de Herding Liderança Comportamento de grupo Tempo de pré-movimento Modelo computacional Simulação Evacuação de edifícios Comportamento humano