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Abstract(s)
A mobilidade elétrica tem um importante contributo para a mobilidade sustentável e para o aumento da eficiência energética no transporte e devido a isso, os veículos elétricos têm aumentado dia após dia, nomeadamente os autocarros elétricos. O principal desafio nos veículos elétricos é a autonomia e nos autocarros torna-se um fator ainda mais importante, pois eles efetuam centenas de quilómetros diariamente. Por isso, no desenvolvimento dos autocarros elétricos são utilizadas diversas técnicas para otimizar o desempenho do autocarro, levando a um menor consumo de energia durante a sua operação. Num autocarro existem vários sistemas que têm um grande impacto no consumo de energia, principalmente o sistema de climatização. Este é composto por um sistema de aquecimento, ventilação e ar condicionado (AVAC) e a sua principal funcionalidade é manter o conforto térmico dos passageiros. Contudo, o consumo de energia do sistema AVAC e o seu comportamento dinâmico influenciam significativamente a vida útil da bateria e a autonomia. Esta influência é bastante visível nos autocarros elétricos, porque estes têm uma ampla área para climatizar. Deste modo, a elaboração deste projeto surgiu da necessidade da empresa CaetanoBus desenvolver um software para controlar e otimizar o sistema AVAC de um autocarro elétrico. No início deste projeto, foi realizado um estudo sobre a modelação dos sistemas AVAC e também sobre toda a arquitetura e comunicação presente num autocarro elétrico. Após isto, foi efetuado o desenvolvimento do software para controlar o sistema AVAC. Inicialmente, o controlo do sistema AVAC foi desenvolvido a pensar no conforto térmico dos passageiros e do motorista, cumprindo os requisitos da entidade responsável pela gestão do sistema de transportes de Londres, em Inglaterra. No entanto, na fase final do projeto a empresa que comprou os autocarros elétricos solicitou que a autonomia do veículo fosse maior. Assim, após um estudo por parte da equipa de engenharia da CaetanoBus foi decidido limitar o consumo da energia do sistema de aquecimento em 4 kWh. Após desenvolvido o software, o desempenho do sistema AVAC foi avaliado através da realização de testes numa câmara climática a temperaturas baixas. Contudo, os testes foram realizados antes da implementação do algoritmo de limitação de energia. Deste modo, só foi validado o controlo do algoritmo e a avaliação do seu desempenho ficou adiada para os meses mais frios.
Electric mobility is an important contribution to sustainable mobility and to increasing energy efficiency in transport. In this way, electric vehicles have increased day after day, especially the electric buses. The main challenge in electric vehicles is autonomy and in buses it becomes an even more important factor, because they travel hundreds of kilometers daily. Therefore, in the development of electric buses, several techniques are used to optimize the performance of the bus, consuming less energy during its operation. There are several systems on a bus that have a major impact on energy consumption and the air conditioning system is one of them. This system consists of a Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning (HVAC) system and the main functionality is to maintain the thermal comfort of passengers. However, the energy consumption of the HVAC system and its dynamic behaviour significantly influence battery life and range. This influence is very visible in electric buses, because we have a large area to heat. Thus, the preparation of this project arose from the need for CaetanoBus to develop software to control and optimize the HVAC system of an electric bus. At the beginning of the project, a study was realized on the modelling of HVAC systems and on all the architecture and communication present in an electric bus. After this, the software to control the HVAC system was developed. Initially, the control of the HVAC system was developed in order to provide passengers and the driver with thermal comfort and to meet the requirements of the entity responsible for controlling the transport system in London, England. However, in the final phase of the project, the company which bought the electric buses, said that the range vehicles would have to be greater. Therefore, after a study by the CaetanoBus engineering team, it was decided to limit the energy consumption of the heating system to 4 kWh. After developed the software the performance of the HVAC system was verified in tests in a climate chamber at low temperatures. However, the tests were performed before the implementation of the energy limitation algorithm. In this way, only the control of the algorithm was validated, and the evaluation of its performance was postponed until the coldest months.
Electric mobility is an important contribution to sustainable mobility and to increasing energy efficiency in transport. In this way, electric vehicles have increased day after day, especially the electric buses. The main challenge in electric vehicles is autonomy and in buses it becomes an even more important factor, because they travel hundreds of kilometers daily. Therefore, in the development of electric buses, several techniques are used to optimize the performance of the bus, consuming less energy during its operation. There are several systems on a bus that have a major impact on energy consumption and the air conditioning system is one of them. This system consists of a Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning (HVAC) system and the main functionality is to maintain the thermal comfort of passengers. However, the energy consumption of the HVAC system and its dynamic behaviour significantly influence battery life and range. This influence is very visible in electric buses, because we have a large area to heat. Thus, the preparation of this project arose from the need for CaetanoBus to develop software to control and optimize the HVAC system of an electric bus. At the beginning of the project, a study was realized on the modelling of HVAC systems and on all the architecture and communication present in an electric bus. After this, the software to control the HVAC system was developed. Initially, the control of the HVAC system was developed in order to provide passengers and the driver with thermal comfort and to meet the requirements of the entity responsible for controlling the transport system in London, England. However, in the final phase of the project, the company which bought the electric buses, said that the range vehicles would have to be greater. Therefore, after a study by the CaetanoBus engineering team, it was decided to limit the energy consumption of the heating system to 4 kWh. After developed the software the performance of the HVAC system was verified in tests in a climate chamber at low temperatures. However, the tests were performed before the implementation of the energy limitation algorithm. In this way, only the control of the algorithm was validated, and the evaluation of its performance was postponed until the coldest months.
Description
Keywords
Sistema AVAC Software Ventilação Aquecimento Autonomia Ar Condicionado Autocarro Elétrico Climatização CAN J1939 HVAC system Ventilation Heating Range Air Conditioning Electric Bus