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Abstract(s)
Com a problemática do aquecimento global decorrente de vários fatores ambientais que ocorrem nos dias atuais, se torna cada vez mais urgente a tomada de medidas efetivas para mitigar, ou ao menos controlar, os fatores agravantes dos problemas ambientais no planeta.
Vários estudos apontam que dentro dos grandes setores da indústria, um dos que mais agrava os problemas ambientais de hoje em dia é o setor da construção civil. Os altos níveis de emissões de dióxido de carbono, o alto consumo de matérias-primas e energia elétrica, a elevada geração de resíduos, antes e depois da vida útil da construção, são os principais causadores deste agravamento. Com isso, as empresas de engenharia de construção têm pela frente grandes desafios voltados para a sustentabilidade das obras em execução, visto que nem todas as alternativas construtivas disponíveis são consideradas eco-eficientes do ponto de vista do seu ciclo de vida.
De acordo com este enquadramento, o trabalho presente propõe a realização de uma Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) da construção de uma Unidade Industrial com uma área construída de 6.733,0 m², onde a SOPSEC S.A. atuou como empresa fiscalizadora da obra.
A ACV é proposta como uma metodologia para quantificar a eficiência da obra a nível ambiental (usando como indicador o nível de kgCO2eq/m² construído) e energético (usando como indicador, a quantidade de energia consumida, em MJ/m² construído). Foram consideradas como fronteiras do âmbito de estudo da avaliação a fase de construção, o que significa que todas as entradas e saídas de materiais/consumíveis após o termino da construção não foram consideradas na análise de dados. Através da realização da definição do objetivo e âmbito de estudo determinou-se que este teria a finalidade de auxiliar a empresa promotora do estudo (SOPSEC S.A.) na qualificação e análise de futuros projetos da empresa. Aliado a isso, foi realizado um Inventário de Ciclo de Vida (ICV), onde foram considerados os materiais envolvidos nas secções de obra denominadas de Arquitetura e Estabilidade, que envolvem materiais como betão simples e armados; estruturas metálicas; pavimentos; alvenarias; coberturas; acabamentos de paredes, de pavimentos e de tetos. Com base no ICV criado, adotou-se os valores de referência propostos pela base de dados ICE – Inventory of Carbon and Energy (versão 2.0), desenvolvida pelo Departamento de Mecânica da Universidade de Bath (UK). Além da análise de dados secundários de alguns dos materiais envolvidos na obra, foi monitorado o consumo direto de energia elétrica, junto dos consumos de combustíveis líquidos (óleo diesel) e água. Os resultados obtidos mostram elevados valores para os materiais a base de cimento, metais e plásticos, chegando a valores da ordem de 31 x 106 MJ e 3 x 106 kgCO2eq incorporados no ciclo de vida dos materiais analisados. Esses valores adicionados aos consumos do estaleiro de obra alcançam um total de 33 x 106 MJ e 3,4 x 106 kgCO2eq para o total do ciclo de vida.
As tradicionais formas de produção de materiais para construção são identificadas como maiores contribuidores desse agravamento, onde investimentos em matérias-primas alternativas e de baixos impactos proporcionariam grandes margens de redução dos impactos causados pelo ciclo de vida dos materiais. A energia incorporada nos materiais construtivos
e as emissões de gases causadores do efeito estufa são dois dos principais problemas ambientais a serem reduzidos pela indústria da construção.
With the problem of global warming due to various environmental factors that occur in the present day, it is becoming increasingly urgent to take effective measures to mitigate, or at least control, the aggravating factors of environmental problems on the planet. Several studies indicate that within the major sectors of industry, one of the most aggravated environmental problems of today is the construction sector. The high levels of carbon dioxide emissions, the high consumption of raw materials and electricity, high waste generation before and after the end of life of the construction are the main cause of this increase. Therefore, construction engineering companies have major challenges to analyse sustainability oriented running works since not all constructive alternatives available are considered eco-efficient from the point of view of their life cycle. According to this framework, the present work proposes a life cycle assessment (LCA) the construction of an Industrial unit with a built area of 6,733.0 m², where the company SOPSEC S.A. acted as inspection company. The LCA is proposed as a methodology to quantify the efficiency of environmental work (using as an indicator the level of kgCO2eq/m²) and energy (using as an indicator, the amount of energy consumed in MJ/m²). It was considered as the scope of the evaluation study the construction phase, which means that all the entrances and exits of consumable materials after the end of the construction were not considered in the analysis of data. Through the definition of the purpose and scope of study it was determined that this would help the company director of the study (SOPSEC S.A.) in qualifying and analysis of future projects of the company. Allied to this was created a life-cycle Inventory (LCI), which were considered the materials involved in sections of work called architecture and stability, involving materials such as simple concrete and armed; metal structures; decks; masonry; toppings; finishes of walls, floors and ceilings. Based on the ICV created adopted the benchmarks proposed by the ICE database – Inventory of Carbon and Energy, a database in Excel format (version 2.0) and developed by the Department of Mechanics at the University of Bath (UK). In addition to secondary data analysis of some of the materials involved in the work was monitored the direct consumption of electric power, with the consumption of liquid fuels (diesel oil) and water. The results show high values for the cement-based materials, metals and plastics, reaching values of the order of 31 x 106 kgCO2eq and 3 x 106 MJ incorporated in the life cycle of the materials analysed. These values added to the shipyard labour consumption reaches a total of 33 x 106 kgCO2eq and 3.4 x 106 MJ to the total life cycle. Traditional forms of production of construction materials are identified as a major contributor to this increase, where investments in raw materials and low-impact alternatives would provide large margins of reduction of impacts caused by life cycle of the materials. The embodied energy of construction materials and emissions of greenhouse gases are two of the main environmental problems to be reduced by the construction industry.
With the problem of global warming due to various environmental factors that occur in the present day, it is becoming increasingly urgent to take effective measures to mitigate, or at least control, the aggravating factors of environmental problems on the planet. Several studies indicate that within the major sectors of industry, one of the most aggravated environmental problems of today is the construction sector. The high levels of carbon dioxide emissions, the high consumption of raw materials and electricity, high waste generation before and after the end of life of the construction are the main cause of this increase. Therefore, construction engineering companies have major challenges to analyse sustainability oriented running works since not all constructive alternatives available are considered eco-efficient from the point of view of their life cycle. According to this framework, the present work proposes a life cycle assessment (LCA) the construction of an Industrial unit with a built area of 6,733.0 m², where the company SOPSEC S.A. acted as inspection company. The LCA is proposed as a methodology to quantify the efficiency of environmental work (using as an indicator the level of kgCO2eq/m²) and energy (using as an indicator, the amount of energy consumed in MJ/m²). It was considered as the scope of the evaluation study the construction phase, which means that all the entrances and exits of consumable materials after the end of the construction were not considered in the analysis of data. Through the definition of the purpose and scope of study it was determined that this would help the company director of the study (SOPSEC S.A.) in qualifying and analysis of future projects of the company. Allied to this was created a life-cycle Inventory (LCI), which were considered the materials involved in sections of work called architecture and stability, involving materials such as simple concrete and armed; metal structures; decks; masonry; toppings; finishes of walls, floors and ceilings. Based on the ICV created adopted the benchmarks proposed by the ICE database – Inventory of Carbon and Energy, a database in Excel format (version 2.0) and developed by the Department of Mechanics at the University of Bath (UK). In addition to secondary data analysis of some of the materials involved in the work was monitored the direct consumption of electric power, with the consumption of liquid fuels (diesel oil) and water. The results show high values for the cement-based materials, metals and plastics, reaching values of the order of 31 x 106 kgCO2eq and 3 x 106 MJ incorporated in the life cycle of the materials analysed. These values added to the shipyard labour consumption reaches a total of 33 x 106 kgCO2eq and 3.4 x 106 MJ to the total life cycle. Traditional forms of production of construction materials are identified as a major contributor to this increase, where investments in raw materials and low-impact alternatives would provide large margins of reduction of impacts caused by life cycle of the materials. The embodied energy of construction materials and emissions of greenhouse gases are two of the main environmental problems to be reduced by the construction industry.
Description
Keywords
Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida Desempenho Ambiental Eficiência Energética Energy efficiency Environmental performance Life cycle analysis