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Toxicity of lanthanum and yttrium oxide nanoparticles and bulk forms on Folsomia candida: a study of single versus mixture exposures
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
The intensive use of rare earth elements (REEs) raises concerns about their effects on soil organisms, particularly under mixture exposure scenarios. This study evaluated the toxicity of lanthanum oxide (La2O3) and yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) and bulk forms on Folsomia candida. Single (0–2500mg/kg) and dual mixture exposures were tested for effects on survival, reproduction, avoidance behavior, and biochemical markers. No effects on survival and avoidance behavior were observed. NPs were more toxic than bulk forms. La2O3 NPs reduced reproduction (≥ 1250mg/kg) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (2500mg/kg), whereas Y2O3 NPs exhibited greatest toxicity, reducing reproduction (≥ 313mg/kg) and increasing catalase (CAT) (156 and 625mg/kg) and glutathione reductase (GR) (625 and 2500mg/kg) activities. Mixture exposures revealed complex interactions (synergism, antagonism, or no interaction), with toxicity depending on concentration, endpoint, and material form. Besides, higher number of biochemical endpoints were affected by mixture exposures, but dissimilar responses were observed with different concentrations: 2500mg/kg Y2O3 NPs + 2500mg/kg La2O3 NPs decreased reproduction and increased GR, glutathione S-transferases (GST) and AChE activities; 2500mg/kg Y2O3 NPs + 625mg/ kg La2O3 NPs increased CAT, GR, GST and AChE activities; 625mg/kg Y2O3 NPs + 625mg/kg La2O3 NPs increased GR activity; 156mg/kg Y2O3 NPs + 2500mg/kg La2O3 NPs decreased AChE activity, increased GR activity and lipid peroxidation levels. This study highlights that REE exposures, particularly mixtures, can pose risks to soil organisms and emphasizes the need to include mixture interactions in risk assessments.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Nanotoxicology Rare earthelements Mixture effects Collembolan Nano versusbulk
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Santos, J., Capitão, A., Barbosa, M., Pires, T., Pinto, E., Daniel-da-Silva, A. L., Barreto, A., & Maria, V. L. (2025). Toxicity of lanthanum and yttrium oxide nanoparticles and bulk forms on Folsomia candida: A study of single versus mixture exposures. Nanotoxicology, 19(4), 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2025.2506586
Editora
Taylor &Francis
Licença CC
Sem licença CC