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Chemical and biological characterization of the macroalga Undaria pinnatifida for disease prevention

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Abstract(s)

The Asian kelp, Undaria pinnatifida, is one of the invasive algae identified on the Portuguese coast. Like other brown macroalgae, it has been the research focus due to its natural biocompounds with neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. These compounds have shown potential in combating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Research continues to explore ways to utilize these substances to develop treatments that could improve therapeutic options and enhance the quality of life for patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the bioactivities of twenty-two extracts of U. pinnatifida using phytochemical, chemical and biological analyses to select the best extracts with a higher antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential. To obtain the extracts, an optimization of the extraction parameters was carried out, in which environmentally friendly extraction methods, such as Subcritical-Water Extraction (SWE) and Ultrassound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), were employed using organic solvents (recovered acetone, ethanol, and water). Thus, the extraction yields were determined, with notable results for extracts 21 (SWE, 30 min, 1 g:100 mL (biomass:solvent), 120°C, 20 bar) and 22 (SWE, 30 min, 1 g:100 mL (biomass:solvent), 150°C, 30 bar), yielding 53.1% and 54.5%, respectively, and extract 15 (Water, UAE, 30 min, 1 g:100 mL (biomass:solvent)) with a yield of 40.4 ± 9.1%. The total carotenoid content (TCC) was assessed, with the highest result for extract 1 (Acetone, UAE, 10 min, 1 g:50 mL (biomass:solvent)), showing 0.51 ± 0.08 mg/mg extract. Additionally, the total phenolic content (TPC) was measured, and extract 22 stood out with a result of 0.0354 ± 0.0029 mg GAE/mg extract. The richest four extracts in TCC and TPC (1, 15, 21 and 22) were selected and their antioxidant activity was subsequently evaluated. Extract 22 exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity, with values of 73.58 ± 2.62 μg TEAC/mg extract and 26.05 ± 1.29 μg AA/mg extract for the ABTS and FRAP methods, respectively. The phlorotannin content was assessed in the four extracts, with extract 1 standing out from the others, showing a result of 1.57 ± 0.14 μg phloroglucinol equivalents/mg extract. The mineral profile of the four extracts was evaluated, considering four types of elements: macro, essential trace, non-essential and toxic trace elements. Macro elements -magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium, were found mainly in extract 22, with results of 9186 ± 270, 6034 ± 108, and 8750 ± 205 mg/g extract, respectively. Essential trace elements were predominantly found in extracts 15 and 21. Extract 15 showed the highest concentrations of the essential trace elements zinc and manganese, with values of 24.0 ± 1.4 and 9.67 ± 0.43 mg/g extract, respectively. In contrast, extract 21 had the highest levels of the essential trace elements molybdenum, chromium, and iron, with values of 1.51 ± 0.10, 7.43 ± 0.59, and 67.3 ± 5.8 mg/g extract, respectively. All these metals have beneficial effects on human health, such as maintaining the health of the immune system, promoting proper kidney function and preventing osteoporosis, among others. In the four extracts, non-essential and toxic trace elements were found in low levels, except for strontium, that presented a significantly higher concentration in comparison to the other toxic elements. However, the concentration of strontium in these extracts can still be considered too low to cause any harm on the human health. The best two extracts, 1 and 22, were selected to continue the analysis of the scavenging and neuroprotective activity. The antioxidant activity was again evaluated regarding the scavenging of the nitric oxide (•NO) and hydroxyl (•OH), biologically relevant radicals. Extract 22 showed a maximum •NO scavenging percentage of 42.53 ± 2.34 (at 0.33 mg/mL) and extract 1 exhibited a maximum •OH scavenging percentage of 50.76 ± 4.90% (at 0.5 mg/mL). Lastly, regarding enzymatic activity, extract 22 did not show inhibitory activity for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. Extract 1 exhibited inhibitory activity for AChE and BuChE, with inhibition percentages of 81.61 ± 11.65 and 47.92 ± 4.77 % (0.25 mg/mL), respectively. In conclusion, the study successfully identified extracts 1 and 22 as the most promising candidates for future studies, with remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties.
O perfil mineral dos quatro extratos foi avaliado, tendo em conta quatro tipos de elementos: macrominerais, microminerais essenciais, microminerais não essenciais e tóxicos. Os macrominerais – magnésio, fósforo e cálcio foram detetados principalmente no extrato 22, com resultados de 9186 ± 270, 6034 ± 108, e 8750 ± 205 mg/g de extrato, respetivamente. Os microminerais essenciais foram detetados predominantemente nos extratos 15 e 21. O extrato 15 demonstrou as concentrações mais altas dos microminerais essenciais zinco e manganês, com valores de 24.0 ± 1.4 e 9.67 ± 0.43 mg/g de extrato, respetivamente. Em contraste, o extrato 21 teve os níveis mais altos dos microminerais essenciais molibdénio, crómio e ferro, com valores de 1.51 ± 0.10, 7.43 ± 0.59, e 67.3 ± 5.8 mg/g de extrato, respetivamente. Todos estes elementos promovem efeitos benéficos na saúde humana, tais como a manutenção do sistema imunitário, a promoção de função renal e a prevenção da osteoporose, entre outros. Nestes quatro extratos, microminerais tóxicos foram detetados em níveis baixos, com exceção do estrôncio, que demonstrou uma concentração significativamente mais alta em relação aos outros elementos tóxicos. No entanto, a concentração de estrôncio nestes extratos ainda pode ser considerada baixa demais para causar algum maleficio à saúde humana. Os dois melhores extratos, 1 e 22, foram selecionados para continuar análise de capacidade de sequestro do radical e de atividade neuroprotetora. A atividade antioxidante foi novamente avaliada a respeito do sequestro dos radicais biologicamente relevantes óxido nítrico (•NO) e hidroxilo (•OH). O extrato 22 demonstrou uma percentagem de sequestro máxima de •NO de 42.53 ± 2.34 (a 0.33 mg/mL) e o extrato 1 demonstrou uma percentagem de sequestro máxima de •OH de 50.76 ± 4.90% (a 0.5 mg/mL). Por último, a respeito da atividade enzimática, o extrato 22 não demonstrou atividade inibidora para as enzimas acetilcolinesterase (AChE) e butirilcolinesterase (BuChE) a uma concentração de 2 mg/mL. O extrato 1 exibiu atividade inibidora para AChE e BuChE, com percentagens de inibição de 81.61 ± 11.65 e 47.92 ± 4.77% (0.25 mg/mL), respetivamente. Em suma, através deste estudo foram identificados os extratos 1 e o 22 como os mais promissores para estudos futuros, com propriedades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórias e neuroprotetoras significativas.

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Carotenoids Phenolic compounds Antioxidant and neuroprotective properties Ultrassound-assisted extraction Subcritical-Water extraction Carotenoides Compostos fenólicos Extração assistida por ultrassons Extração com água subcrítica Propriedades antioxidantes/anti-inflamatórias/neuroprotetoras Propriedades neuroprotetoras Undaria pinnatifida. Propriedades anti-inflamatórias

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