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As infraestruturas de qualquer serviço ou indústria devem ser alvo de inspeções cujo objetivo é monitorizar o estado dos equipamentos e garantir o bom funcionamento de exploração, economizando a manutenção ativa desses equipamentos. Especialmente no transporte de energia de muito alta tensão, cujas infraestruturas estendem-se por longos corredores de linhas elétricas em locais remotos e constantemente sujeitas a condições atmosféricas, entre outros fenómenos. Por isso, a REN integra toda uma gestão no âmbito das inspeções. A metodologia desta gestão recorre a serviços de helicópteros que permitem realizar o levantamento aéreo das longas faixas de linhas. Este levantamento consiste na inspeção visual, termográfica e laser, cujos dados são essenciais na monitorização do estado dos ativos. No âmbito das inspeções, neste trabalho é estudado o desempenho de uma ferramenta recentemente considerada para fins profissionais, os UAV. Estes são veículos aéreos remotamente pilotados e por isso possuem diversas tecnologias que habilitam a navegação e o controlo da aeronave, como sistemas anti colisão e de posicionamento muito precisos. Estas tecnologias permitem voos estabilizados que apresentam riscos reduzidos a pessoas e propriedades. No entanto, as operações com UAV são ainda muito regularizadas, nomeadamente em operações onde o UAV se encontra fora da linha de vista, apesar destas tecnologias mencionadas habilitarem a operações capazes e seguras. Os UAV enquadram-se no contexto das inspeções pois, quando acoplados com a devida instrumentação, realizam o mesmo levantamento dos helicópteros. Porém, para isto se verificar são necessárias duas soluções de UAV: asa rotativa e asa fixa. Com isto, cada solução poderá enquadrar certos aspetos das metodologias de inspeção. A solução de asa rotativa, pela sua estabilidade de voo, é indicada para inspeções visuais ou termográficas pormenorizadas e a de asa fixa para o mapeamento laser na criação de uma cópia digital dos troços percorridos. Os custos operacionais dos UAV são reduzidos, embora se verifique que as inspeções com recurso a estas ferramentas são penalizadas devido à deslocação terrestre associada às mesmas, que por outro lado não se observa nos helicópteros em longos cenários como as linhas elétricas da REN. Por estes motivos, os UAV ainda não são uma ferramenta capaz de substituir os helicópteros na inspeção total da rede. No entanto, como referido, estes enquadram outros cenários, como cenários de emergência/pontuais onde se pretende um levantamento detalhado da situação ou na gestão da vegetação que se encontra sob as linhas através do mapeamento da solução de asa fixa. Estes cenários não estão tão dependentes da deslocação terrestre e por sua vez, a análise financeira destes casos é positiva. Assim, em cenários mais curtos, onde a deslocação terrestre tem um peso menor, os UAV complementam qualquer função com custos operacionais reduzidos como inspeções em subestações ou rondas apeadas pelas linhas elétricas.
The infrastructures of any service or industry must be subject to inspections whose objective is to monitor the condition of the equipment and ensure the proper operation of exploration, saving the active maintenance of these equipment. Especially in the transmission of very high voltage energy, whose infrastructure extends over long corridors of power lines in remote locations and are constantly subject to atmospheric conditions, among other phenomena. For this reason, REN integrates a management within the scope of inspections. The methodology of this management resort to helicopter services that allow the aerial survey of long lines. This survey consists of visual, thermographic and laser inspection, whose data are essential for monitoring the status of assets. In the scope of inspections, this work studies the performance of a tool recently considered for professional purposes, the drones. These are remotely piloted aerial vehicles and therefore have several technologies that enable navigation and control of the aircraft, such as highly accurate anti-collision and positioning systems. These technologies allow stabilized flights that present reduced risks to people and property. However, UAV operations are still highly regularized, namely in operations where UAV is out of line of sight, despite the aforementioned technologies enabling capable and safe operations. The UAVs fit into the context of inspections because, when coupled with the proper instrumentation, they perform the same survey as helicopters. However, for this to occur, two UAV solutions are required: rotary wing and fixed wing. With this, each solution will be able to fit certain aspects of the inspection methodologies. The rotary wing solution, due to its flight stability, is indicated for detailed visual or thermographic inspections and the fixed wing for laser mapping in the creation of a digital copy of the sections covered. The operational costs of the UAV are reduced, although it appears that inspections using these tools are penalized due to the ground travel associated with them, which on the other hand is not observed in helicopters in long scenarios such as REN's power lines. For these reasons, drones are not yet a tool capable of replacing helicopters in full inspection of the grid. However, as mentioned, these fit other scenarios, such as emergency / one-off scenarios where a detailed survey of the situation or the management of the vegetation that is found under the lines through the mapping of the fixed wing solution is intended. These scenarios are not as dependent on land displacement and, in turn, the financial analysis of these cases is positive. Thus, in shorter scenarios, where land travel has less weight, drones complement any function with reduced operating costs such as inspections at substations or rounds cut by power lines.
The infrastructures of any service or industry must be subject to inspections whose objective is to monitor the condition of the equipment and ensure the proper operation of exploration, saving the active maintenance of these equipment. Especially in the transmission of very high voltage energy, whose infrastructure extends over long corridors of power lines in remote locations and are constantly subject to atmospheric conditions, among other phenomena. For this reason, REN integrates a management within the scope of inspections. The methodology of this management resort to helicopter services that allow the aerial survey of long lines. This survey consists of visual, thermographic and laser inspection, whose data are essential for monitoring the status of assets. In the scope of inspections, this work studies the performance of a tool recently considered for professional purposes, the drones. These are remotely piloted aerial vehicles and therefore have several technologies that enable navigation and control of the aircraft, such as highly accurate anti-collision and positioning systems. These technologies allow stabilized flights that present reduced risks to people and property. However, UAV operations are still highly regularized, namely in operations where UAV is out of line of sight, despite the aforementioned technologies enabling capable and safe operations. The UAVs fit into the context of inspections because, when coupled with the proper instrumentation, they perform the same survey as helicopters. However, for this to occur, two UAV solutions are required: rotary wing and fixed wing. With this, each solution will be able to fit certain aspects of the inspection methodologies. The rotary wing solution, due to its flight stability, is indicated for detailed visual or thermographic inspections and the fixed wing for laser mapping in the creation of a digital copy of the sections covered. The operational costs of the UAV are reduced, although it appears that inspections using these tools are penalized due to the ground travel associated with them, which on the other hand is not observed in helicopters in long scenarios such as REN's power lines. For these reasons, drones are not yet a tool capable of replacing helicopters in full inspection of the grid. However, as mentioned, these fit other scenarios, such as emergency / one-off scenarios where a detailed survey of the situation or the management of the vegetation that is found under the lines through the mapping of the fixed wing solution is intended. These scenarios are not as dependent on land displacement and, in turn, the financial analysis of these cases is positive. Thus, in shorter scenarios, where land travel has less weight, drones complement any function with reduced operating costs such as inspections at substations or rounds cut by power lines.
Description
Keywords
UAV Drone RNT REN Linhas de Muito Alta Tensão Subestações Inspeção Aérea Estado da Arte Análise Custo-Benefício Overhead Powerlines Substation Aerial Inspection State of the Art Cost-Benefit Analysis