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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O desenvolvimento e a crescente importância das energias renováveis no mix energético estão a alterar profundamente o mercado energético a todos os níveis, em particular na produção e consumo de eletricidade. Duas das alterações mais significativas são a importância cada vez maior da geração distribuída, em que qualquer consumidor se pode tornar num produtor, e torna ainda possível a criação dos denominados edifícios com necessidades energéticas quase nulas (NZEB), visto que estes necessitam de gerar autonomamente a energia que consumem. No entanto devido à variabilidade na disponibilidade da energia renovável, por exemplo devido a fatores climáticos, é necessário recorrer-se a sistemas de armazenamento de energia de modo a aumentar a eficiência e competitividade dos sistemas.
Esta dissertação toma em conta estas questões, desenvolvendo uma ferramenta que permitirá dar ao utilizador e ao instalador/revendedor um meio de analisar qual o impacto técnico e económico que a incorporação de baterias terá em sistemas fotovoltaicos habitacionais.
Assim, a ferramenta SPSA – Solar-Plus-Storage-Analysis, desenvolvida em folha de cálculo Excel, cria um perfil de consumo para um caso de estudo a especificar, e analisa parâmetros como a vida útil das baterias e o impacto da sua substituição, bem como faz uma análise económica entre o sistema convencional (sem armazenamento) e um sistema com armazenamento.
Com a ferramenta desenvolvida, foram analisados casos de estudo tipificando habitações frequentes, de modo a comparar o comportamento de baterias de chumbo-ácido com as de lítio. Na análise realizada foi possível constatar que, atualmente, as baterias de chumbo-ácido apresentam maior rentabilidade quando comparadas com as de lítio, mesmo considerando a sua vida útil inferior. O principal fator limitante das baterias de lítio encontra-se no seu preço, pois o seu elevado custo é dificilmente amortizável ao longo da sua vida útil. Além do mais, foi possível constatar que os sistemas híbridos ainda não conseguem competir com os sistemas tradicionais, pois independentemente da tecnologia de armazenamento usada, o seu custo adicional não consegue sobrepor-se à sua mais valia técnica.
As metodologias desenvolvidas no programa permitem analisar qualquer tipo de sistema híbrido que seja instalado num edifício ou habitação, incorporando em si todas as variáveis que terão impacto económico para o utilizador do sistema.
The development and increasing importance of renewable energies in the energy mix are changing the energy market, particularly in the production and consumption of electricity. Two of the main changes are the increased relevance of distributed generation in which the consumer becomes also a producer, and that makes possible the creation of the so-called Near Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB), as they need to produce the energy they consume. However due to the variability in the availability of renewable energies, for example due to weather variations, it is necessary to use energy storage systems to increase the usable energy and improve the efficiency and competitiveness of energy generation systems. This dissertation considers those questions, by developing a tool that allows the users and/or the suppliers/sellers to analyze the technical and economic impacts that the incorporation of batteries has in home photovoltaic systems. Therefore, the SPSA – Solar-Plus-StorageAnalysis tool, developed in Excel environment worksheet, creates a consumption profile for a specific case study, and analyzes parameters such as the useful life of the batteries and the impact of their replacement, and performs an economic analysis between a conventional system (without storage) and a system with storage. With the developed tool, different case studies representing typical households were analyzed to compare the behavior of systems with lead-acid batteries or with lithium batteries. In the results of the simulations performed, it was possible to verify that currently lead-acid batteries have higher profitability when compared to lithium batteries, even considering their smaller useful life. The main limiting factor of lithium batteries lies in their price, because their high cost makes the amortization difficult over its useful life. Moreover, it was possible to verify that the hybrid systems still cannot compete with the traditional systems, because regardless of the storage technology used its additional cost cannot overcome its technical advantage. The methodologies developed in the program allow the analysis of any type of hybrid system that is incorporated in a building or, incorporating all the relevant variables that have na economic impact to the owner of the system.
The development and increasing importance of renewable energies in the energy mix are changing the energy market, particularly in the production and consumption of electricity. Two of the main changes are the increased relevance of distributed generation in which the consumer becomes also a producer, and that makes possible the creation of the so-called Near Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB), as they need to produce the energy they consume. However due to the variability in the availability of renewable energies, for example due to weather variations, it is necessary to use energy storage systems to increase the usable energy and improve the efficiency and competitiveness of energy generation systems. This dissertation considers those questions, by developing a tool that allows the users and/or the suppliers/sellers to analyze the technical and economic impacts that the incorporation of batteries has in home photovoltaic systems. Therefore, the SPSA – Solar-Plus-StorageAnalysis tool, developed in Excel environment worksheet, creates a consumption profile for a specific case study, and analyzes parameters such as the useful life of the batteries and the impact of their replacement, and performs an economic analysis between a conventional system (without storage) and a system with storage. With the developed tool, different case studies representing typical households were analyzed to compare the behavior of systems with lead-acid batteries or with lithium batteries. In the results of the simulations performed, it was possible to verify that currently lead-acid batteries have higher profitability when compared to lithium batteries, even considering their smaller useful life. The main limiting factor of lithium batteries lies in their price, because their high cost makes the amortization difficult over its useful life. Moreover, it was possible to verify that the hybrid systems still cannot compete with the traditional systems, because regardless of the storage technology used its additional cost cannot overcome its technical advantage. The methodologies developed in the program allow the analysis of any type of hybrid system that is incorporated in a building or, incorporating all the relevant variables that have na economic impact to the owner of the system.
Description
Keywords
Chumbo-ácido Energia fotovoltaica Ferramenta de análise Lítio NZEB Otimização Analysis tool Lead-acid Lithium Optimization Photovoltaics