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Abstract(s)
A transformação digital e a intensificação de uso das redes sociais como canal de distribuição de
notícias, tornam as notícias falsas num problema crescente. Existe um consenso generalizado
sobre as várias consequências deste aumento dos níveis de desinformação, e os problemas
causados pela impossibilidade dos cidadãos de acederem a informações fiáveis para fazerem
escolhas informadas como: na área da política, podendo favorecer a polarização ideológica da
sociedade, ameaçando o sistema democrático; na área da saúde, causando barreiras à partilha e
acesso a conteúdos sobre procedimentos médicos a seguir e em casos extremos, estimular uma
crise sanitária; e na área social, deturpando uma cidadania informada, devido à pressão exercida
sobre o pensamento crítico da sociedade. Tendo em conta esta grande problemática, o grande
objetivo desta investigação consiste em avaliar a capacidade para identificar notícias falsas tendo
em conta seis determinantes: Consumo dos Media, Confiança nas Fontes de Informação,
Confiança na Ciência, Orientação Individualista/Coletivista, Hábitos de Verificação de Factos e
Confiança nos Verificadores de Factos. Aplicando uma metodologia quantitativa, baseada num
processo hipotético-dedutivo, suportado por inquérito por questionário autoadministrado online,
estudamos estas determinantes numa amostra de 377 participantes. Os resultados evidenciam que
a maior parte dos inquiridos não possui capacidade suficiente para detetar notícias falsas, uma
vez que 95,8% dos inquiridos obteve uma classificação de “muito insuficiente” ou “insuficiente”
nesse diagnóstico. Dos seis determinantes mencionados apenas o Consumo de Media, a Confiança
nos Media Tradicionais e Digitais, a Confiança nos Cientistas e os Hábitos de Verificação de
Factos revelaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos diferentes escalões de diagnóstico.
No Consumo de Media, concluiu-se que pessoas que vêm televisão com mais frequência têm
tendência a ter uma melhor capacidade para identificar notícias falsas, bem como as pessoas que
Confiam nos Media Tradicionais e nos Media Digitais. No que diz respeito à Confiança na
Ciência, os resultados evidenciaram que níveis mais elevados de confiança também produzem
melhores resultados na verificação de factos. Inquiridos com hábitos de verificação de factos mais
assíduos nas redes sociais também tem médias mais altas na avaliação das notícias falsas. Estes
resultados evidenciam um cenário preocupante e favorável à expressão contínua da
desinformação, potenciando riscos nas áreas sociais, económicas políticas e também na área da
saúde, tornando urgente o desenvolvimento de estratégias de combate à desinformação.
The digital transformation and the use of social networks as a news distribution channel intensification, cause fake news to be a growing problem. There is a general consensus on the increased in levels of disinformation various consequences, and the problems caused by the citizens inability to access reliable information and make informed choices such as: in politics, favoring the society ideological polarization, threatening the democratic system; in health, causing barriers to sharing and access content on medical procedures to follow and in extreme cases, stimulating a health crisis; socially, misrepresenting an informed citizenship, due to the pressure exerted on critical thinking in society. Taking into account this major problem, the main objective of this research is to evaluate the ability to identify fake news taking into account six determinants: media consumption, trust in information sources, trust in science, individualist / collectivist orientation, fact-checking habits, and trust in fact-checkers. Applying a quantitative methodology, based on a hypothetical-deductive process, supported by a self-administered online questionnaire survey, we studied these determinants in a sample of 377 participants. The results show that most respondents do not have sufficient capacity to detect fake news, since 95.8% of respondents obtained a classification of “very insufficient” or “insufficient” in the diagnosis. Of the six determinants mentioned, only media consumption, trust in traditional and digital media, trust in scientists and fact-checking habits revealed statistically significant differences at the different diagnostic levels. In media consumption, it was concluded that people who watch television more often tend to have a better ability to identify fake news, as well as people who rely on traditional and digital media. Regardint trust in science, the results showed that higher levels of trust also produce better results in fact-checking. Respondents with more assiduous fact checking habits on social media also have higher averages in evaluating fake news. These results show a worrying scenario and favorable to the continuous expression of disinformation, enhancing risks in the social, economic, political and also in the health area, making it urgent to develop strategies to combat disinformation.
The digital transformation and the use of social networks as a news distribution channel intensification, cause fake news to be a growing problem. There is a general consensus on the increased in levels of disinformation various consequences, and the problems caused by the citizens inability to access reliable information and make informed choices such as: in politics, favoring the society ideological polarization, threatening the democratic system; in health, causing barriers to sharing and access content on medical procedures to follow and in extreme cases, stimulating a health crisis; socially, misrepresenting an informed citizenship, due to the pressure exerted on critical thinking in society. Taking into account this major problem, the main objective of this research is to evaluate the ability to identify fake news taking into account six determinants: media consumption, trust in information sources, trust in science, individualist / collectivist orientation, fact-checking habits, and trust in fact-checkers. Applying a quantitative methodology, based on a hypothetical-deductive process, supported by a self-administered online questionnaire survey, we studied these determinants in a sample of 377 participants. The results show that most respondents do not have sufficient capacity to detect fake news, since 95.8% of respondents obtained a classification of “very insufficient” or “insufficient” in the diagnosis. Of the six determinants mentioned, only media consumption, trust in traditional and digital media, trust in scientists and fact-checking habits revealed statistically significant differences at the different diagnostic levels. In media consumption, it was concluded that people who watch television more often tend to have a better ability to identify fake news, as well as people who rely on traditional and digital media. Regardint trust in science, the results showed that higher levels of trust also produce better results in fact-checking. Respondents with more assiduous fact checking habits on social media also have higher averages in evaluating fake news. These results show a worrying scenario and favorable to the continuous expression of disinformation, enhancing risks in the social, economic, political and also in the health area, making it urgent to develop strategies to combat disinformation.
Description
Keywords
Notícias falsas Pós-verdade Verificadores de factos Individualismo Coletivismo Fake news Individualism Collectivism Post-truth Fact-checking