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Este estudo investiga a aplicação da Curva de Laffer na União Europeia, com enfoque nos principais impostos que contribuem para a arrecadação fiscal: Impostos sobre a renda de indivíduos ou famílias, correspondente ao IRC, o Imposto sobre a renda ou lucros de empresas equivalente ao IRC e Imposto sobre o valor acrescentado, equivalente ao IVA. Através de uma análise de dados em painel, abrangendo os 27 países da União Europeia entre 1995 e 2022, este trabalho utiliza também o Índice de Bird para avaliar o esforço fiscal dos países e sua relação com a maximização da receita pública, numa tentativa de encontrar a Curva de Laffer também a partir deste indicador. Os resultados sugerem que a Curva de Laffer é observável, tanto na União Europeia como em alguns países, especialmente nas maiores economias, onde altas taxas de imposto podem desencorajar o investimento e comprometer a arrecadação. A metodologia inclui modelos de regressão de dados em painel pelo métodos de Ordinary Least Squares e Seemingly Unrelated Regressions, utilizando o teste de Hausman para determinar a presença de efeitos fixos ou aleatórios. Conclui-se que uma política tributária ajustada, considerando o ponto ótimo da Curva de Laffer, pode auxiliar na maximização da receita fiscal sem prejudicar o crescimento econômico.
This study investigates the application of the Laffer Curve in the European Union, focusing on the main taxes that contribute to tax collection: Taxes on the income of individuals or households, corresponding to the IRC, taxes on the income or profits of corporations equivalent to the IRC, and Value Added Tax, equivalent to VAT. Through an analysis of panel data, covering the 27 countries of the European Union between 1995 and 2022, this study also uses the Bird Index to assess the tax effort of countries and its relationship with the maximization of public revenue, in an attempt to find the Laffer Curve also from this indicator. The results suggest that the Laffer Curve is observable, both in the European Union and in some countries, especially in the largest economies, where high tax rates can discourage investment and jeopardize revenue. The methodology includes panel data regression models using the Ordinary Least Squares and Seemingly Unrelated Regressions methods, using the Hausman test to determine the presence of fixed or random effects. It is concluded that an adjusted tax policy, considering the optimum point of the Laffer Curve, can help maximize tax revenue without harming economic growth.
This study investigates the application of the Laffer Curve in the European Union, focusing on the main taxes that contribute to tax collection: Taxes on the income of individuals or households, corresponding to the IRC, taxes on the income or profits of corporations equivalent to the IRC, and Value Added Tax, equivalent to VAT. Through an analysis of panel data, covering the 27 countries of the European Union between 1995 and 2022, this study also uses the Bird Index to assess the tax effort of countries and its relationship with the maximization of public revenue, in an attempt to find the Laffer Curve also from this indicator. The results suggest that the Laffer Curve is observable, both in the European Union and in some countries, especially in the largest economies, where high tax rates can discourage investment and jeopardize revenue. The methodology includes panel data regression models using the Ordinary Least Squares and Seemingly Unrelated Regressions methods, using the Hausman test to determine the presence of fixed or random effects. It is concluded that an adjusted tax policy, considering the optimum point of the Laffer Curve, can help maximize tax revenue without harming economic growth.
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Keywords
Curva de Laffer Zona do Euro Índice de Bird Política fiscal Laffer curve Fiscal policy Eurozone Bird index