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Authors
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O tema da sustentabilidade dos edifícios tem vindo a ganhar uma relevância acrescida no
projeto, construção e condução dos edifícios, com especial enfoque nos edifícios de comércio
e serviços. Um dos vetores chave que impactam na eficiência energética dos edifícios e, por tal,
prioritário na implementação de medidas de melhoria, são os sistemas de Aquecimento,
Ventilação e Ar Condicionado (AVAC), uma vez que podem representar cerca de 40% do
consumo energético total de um edifício. O objetivo da presente dissertação prevê a avaliação
do desempenho energético de três sistemas de climatização diferentes num edifício de
comércio e serviços que segue a tipologia de um edifício de escritórios, focando-se em
diferentes tecnologias de Bombas de Calor: Chiller-Bomba de Calor ar-água, Chiller-Bomba de
Calor geotérmica, e Chiller-Bomba de Calor de Expansão Direta de Caudal de Frigorigéneo
Variável (VRF), permitindo assim conhecer qual o sistema AVAC, ou, mais concretamente, o
equipamento de produção de energia térmica mais eficiente para um edifício de escritórios em
diferentes climas em Portugal. Com o propósito de avaliar os consumos energéticos de cada um
destes componentes e, consequentemente, do edifício, recorreu-se a uma ferramenta de
simulação energética dinâmica, mais concretamente, o software Integrated Environmental
Solutions Virtual Environment (IES VE). Simulou-se ainda o impacto da alteração do clima no
desempenho energético do edifício, utilizando o clima de três cidades diferentes em Portugal:
Porto, Lisboa e Faro. Optou-se pelo Porto como a localização padrão para a análise aprofundada
dos consumos energéticos dos diferentes utilizadores. Concluiu-se que o sistema
energeticamente mais eficiente era o sistema com recurso a Chiller-Bombas de calor de
tecnologia VRF, que consumia menos 19% de energia que o sistema com recurso a Chiller-
Bombas de Calor ar-água e menos 14% de energia que o sistema baseado em Chiller-Bombas
de Calor geotérmicas. Conclui-se, ainda, que o arrefecimento era o regime mais exigente para
os sistemas, tendo-se verificado, como expectável, que os consumos energéticos aumentaram
de norte para sul, com o edifício em Faro a apresentar mais 7% de consumo energético do que
o edifício no Porto, e o edifício em Lisboa aumentando apenas 1% (considerando o sistema das
unidades VRF). Verificou-se também que o sistema com as unidades VRF apresentava cerca de
39% e 43% do consumo energético do edifício no Porto e Faro, respetivamente. Assim, o edifício
para o Porto, Lisboa e Faro com o sistema AVAC mais eficiente, apresentou consumos
energéticos anuais de 702 MWh/ano, 711 MWh/ano e 751 MWh/ano (37,3 kWh/m2.ano-1, 37,7
kWh/m2.ano-1, e 39,9 kWh/m2.ano-1), respetivamente. Numa perspetiva ambiental,
determinaram-se as emissões de CO2 do edifício com o sistema VRF para o Porto, Lisboa e Faro,
tendo-se estimado valores de 110,2 ton CO2/ano, 111,9 ton CO2/ano e 118,4 ton CO2/ano
(5,85 kg CO2/m2.ano-1, 5,94 kg CO2/m2.ano-1 e 6,29 kg CO2/m2.ano-1), respetivamente. Ambos os
fatores se encontraram abaixo dos valores típicos de um edifício de escritórios.
The issue of building sustainability has become increasingly important in the design, construction and management of buildings, with a particular focus on commercial and service buildings. One of the key vectors impacting on the energy efficiency of buildings, and therefore a priority for implementing improvement measures, is the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, since they can account for around 40% of a building's total energy consumption. The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the energy performance of three different HVAC systems in a commercial and services building that follows the typology of an office building, focusing on different heat pump technologies: air-to-water Chiller-Heat Pump, geothermal (or ground-source) Chiller-Heat Pump, and Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Direct Expansion Chiller-Heat Pump, thus making it possible to find out which HVAC system, or more specifically, which thermal energy production equipment is the most efficient for an office building in different climates in Portugal. In order to assess the energy consumption of each of these components and, consequently, of the building, a dynamic energy simulation tool was used, specifically the Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment (IES VE) software. The impact of changing the building’s climate on its energy performance was also simulated, using the climate of three different cities in Portugal: Porto, Lisbon and Faro. Porto was chosen as the standard location for in-depth analysis of the energy consumption of the different components. It was concluded that the most energy-efficient system was the Chiller-Heat Pump system with VRF technology, which consumed 19% less energy than the air-to-water Chiller- Heat Pump system and 14% less energy than the geothermal chiller-heat pump system. It could also be concluded that cooling is the most demanding regime for the systems. As expected, energy consumption increased from north to south, with the building in Faro having 7% more energy consumption than the building in Porto, and the building in Lisbon having only 1% more energy consumption (with the VRF system). It was also concluded that the system with the VRF units had around 39% of the energy consumption of the building in Porto and around 43% of the energy consumption of the building in Faro. Thus, the building in Porto, Lisbon and Faro, with the most efficient HVAC system, had annual energy consumption of 702 MWh/year, 711 MWh/year and 751 MWh/year (37,3 kWh/m2.year-1, 37,7 kWh/m2.year-1, and 39,9 kWh/m2.year-1), respectively. From an environmental perspective, the CO2 emissions of the building with the VRF system were determined for Porto, Lisbon and Faro, with the estimated values of 110,2 ton CO2/year, 111,9 ton CO2/year and 118,4 ton CO2/year (5,85 kg CO2/m2.year-1, 5,94 kg CO2/m2.year-1 and 6,29 kg CO2/m2.year-1), respectively. Both factors were below the typical values for an office building.
The issue of building sustainability has become increasingly important in the design, construction and management of buildings, with a particular focus on commercial and service buildings. One of the key vectors impacting on the energy efficiency of buildings, and therefore a priority for implementing improvement measures, is the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, since they can account for around 40% of a building's total energy consumption. The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the energy performance of three different HVAC systems in a commercial and services building that follows the typology of an office building, focusing on different heat pump technologies: air-to-water Chiller-Heat Pump, geothermal (or ground-source) Chiller-Heat Pump, and Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Direct Expansion Chiller-Heat Pump, thus making it possible to find out which HVAC system, or more specifically, which thermal energy production equipment is the most efficient for an office building in different climates in Portugal. In order to assess the energy consumption of each of these components and, consequently, of the building, a dynamic energy simulation tool was used, specifically the Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment (IES VE) software. The impact of changing the building’s climate on its energy performance was also simulated, using the climate of three different cities in Portugal: Porto, Lisbon and Faro. Porto was chosen as the standard location for in-depth analysis of the energy consumption of the different components. It was concluded that the most energy-efficient system was the Chiller-Heat Pump system with VRF technology, which consumed 19% less energy than the air-to-water Chiller- Heat Pump system and 14% less energy than the geothermal chiller-heat pump system. It could also be concluded that cooling is the most demanding regime for the systems. As expected, energy consumption increased from north to south, with the building in Faro having 7% more energy consumption than the building in Porto, and the building in Lisbon having only 1% more energy consumption (with the VRF system). It was also concluded that the system with the VRF units had around 39% of the energy consumption of the building in Porto and around 43% of the energy consumption of the building in Faro. Thus, the building in Porto, Lisbon and Faro, with the most efficient HVAC system, had annual energy consumption of 702 MWh/year, 711 MWh/year and 751 MWh/year (37,3 kWh/m2.year-1, 37,7 kWh/m2.year-1, and 39,9 kWh/m2.year-1), respectively. From an environmental perspective, the CO2 emissions of the building with the VRF system were determined for Porto, Lisbon and Faro, with the estimated values of 110,2 ton CO2/year, 111,9 ton CO2/year and 118,4 ton CO2/year (5,85 kg CO2/m2.year-1, 5,94 kg CO2/m2.year-1 and 6,29 kg CO2/m2.year-1), respectively. Both factors were below the typical values for an office building.
Description
Keywords
Energy performance Energy efficiency Air-to-water Chiller-heat pump VRF Geothermal Chiller-heat pump Dynamic energy simulation Desempenho energético, Eficiência energética, Chiller-bomba de calor ar-água Chiller-bomba de calor geotérmica Simulação energética dinâmica