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Determinação dos impactos ambientais associados às águas para consumo e às águas residuais, usando a metodologia ACV
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Abstract(s)
A água é um recurso fundamental para a vida na Terra. Não sendo apenas essencial para a sobrevivência dos seres vivos, como também é imprescindível na manutenção dos ecossistemas e para o desenvolvimento económico. A água destinada ao consumo humano sofre um processo de tratamento de modo que os parâmetros de qualidade regulamentados sejam cumpridos. A utilização da água causa a sua poluição dando
origem às águas residuais, que para proteção do meio ambiente e a saúde pública têm de passar por um tratamento capaz de remover poluentes previamente à sua descarga para o meio hídrico. Os tratamentos utilizados na água para consumo humano e nas águas residuais provocam impactes ambientais que serão alvo de estudo nesta dissertação através da metodologia de avaliação do ciclo de vida. Esta avaliação do ciclo de vida foi suportada pelo software através do método CML, a unidade funcional definida foi de 1m3 de água tratada, a fronteira do sistema foi restrita desde a entrada do efluente na estação de tratamento até ao seu destino final. Todos os dados apurados foram retirados de pesquisa bibliográfica e da base de dados Ecoinvent V 3.11.
Para as águas de consumo humano consideraram-se dois casos para o destino final das lamas produzidas, incineração e valorização das mesmas pela incorporação no fabrico de telhas de argila. No referente às águas residuais estudou-se dois cenários para o destino final das lamas produzidas, nomeadamente, a incineração e a compostagem para fabrico de composto para aplicação em solos agrícolas. Com esta pesquisa e análise concluiu-se que o impacte ambiental das águas residuais é muito superior às águas para consumo, também se verifica que as categorias de impacte com resultados mais elevados são a ecotoxicidade aquática marinha, a depleção abiótica (combustíveis fósseis) a toxicidade humana e o aquecimento global. Mais se conclui que o destino final das lamas produzidas é de elevada importância sendo a valorização para o fabrico de telhas no caso das águas para consumo e a compostagem no caso das águas residuais as opções mais vantajosas. O processo que contribui mais para o impacte ambiental na maioria das categorias é o consumo de energia.
Water is a fundamental resource for life on Earth. It is not only essential for the survival of living beings but also crucial for the maintenance of ecosystems and for economic development. The water intended for human consumption undergoes a treatment process so that the regulated quality parameters are met. The use of water causes its pollution, leading to wastewater, which, for the protection of the environment and public health, must undergo treatment capable of removing pollutants before being discharged into the aquatic environment. The treatments used for water intended for human consumption and for wastewater have environmental impacts that will be the focus of study in this dissertation through life cycle assessment methodology. This life cycle assessment was supported by the software through the CML method, the defined functional unit was 1m3 of treated water, and the system boundary was restricted from the entry of the effluent into the treatment plant to its final destination.All gathered data were obtained from bibliographic research and the Ecoinvent V 3.11 database. For human consumption water, two cases were considered for the final destination of the produced sludge, incineration and valorization by incorporating it into the manufacturing of clay tiles. Regarding wastewater, two scenarios were studied for the final destination of the produced sludge, namely, incineration and composting for producing compost for application in agricultural soils. This research and analysis concluded that the environmental impact of wastewater is much greater than that of water for consumption. It is also noted that the impact categories with the highest results are marine aquatic ecotoxicity, abiotic depletion (fossil fuels), human toxicity, and global warming. Furthermore, it is concluded that the final destination of the produced sludge is of great importance, with valorization for the manufacturing of tiles in the case of water for consumption, and composting in the case of wastewater being the most advantageous options. The process that contributes most to the environmental impact in most categories is energy consumption.
Water is a fundamental resource for life on Earth. It is not only essential for the survival of living beings but also crucial for the maintenance of ecosystems and for economic development. The water intended for human consumption undergoes a treatment process so that the regulated quality parameters are met. The use of water causes its pollution, leading to wastewater, which, for the protection of the environment and public health, must undergo treatment capable of removing pollutants before being discharged into the aquatic environment. The treatments used for water intended for human consumption and for wastewater have environmental impacts that will be the focus of study in this dissertation through life cycle assessment methodology. This life cycle assessment was supported by the software through the CML method, the defined functional unit was 1m3 of treated water, and the system boundary was restricted from the entry of the effluent into the treatment plant to its final destination.All gathered data were obtained from bibliographic research and the Ecoinvent V 3.11 database. For human consumption water, two cases were considered for the final destination of the produced sludge, incineration and valorization by incorporating it into the manufacturing of clay tiles. Regarding wastewater, two scenarios were studied for the final destination of the produced sludge, namely, incineration and composting for producing compost for application in agricultural soils. This research and analysis concluded that the environmental impact of wastewater is much greater than that of water for consumption. It is also noted that the impact categories with the highest results are marine aquatic ecotoxicity, abiotic depletion (fossil fuels), human toxicity, and global warming. Furthermore, it is concluded that the final destination of the produced sludge is of great importance, with valorization for the manufacturing of tiles in the case of water for consumption, and composting in the case of wastewater being the most advantageous options. The process that contributes most to the environmental impact in most categories is energy consumption.
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Keywords
life cycle assessment water treatment plant wastewater treatment plant environmental impact impact category Avaliação do ciclo de vida Estação de tratamento de água Estação de tratamento de águas residuais Impacte ambiental Categoria de impacte