| Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5.36 MB | Adobe PDF |
Authors
Abstract(s)
Com o constante desenvolvimento da sociedade o consumo de energia elétrica tem aumentado gradualmente, levantando preocupações com o meio ambiente e a necessidade de um desenvolvimento sustentável. Para esse efeito têm surgido incentivos para a implementação de pequenos sistemas de produção em instalações de consumo, aparecendo assim o conceito de produtor-consumidor: o prosumer. Assiste-se assim a uma mudança de paradigma energético que transformará extensivamente as redes elétricas de modo a remeter novos desafios. O novo paradigma assenta no uso eficiente da energia suportada na gestão da procura, na aposta nas energias renováveis e na produção distribuída reforçando o papel do prosumer. Nesse seguimento, integram-se novas soluções de produção distribuída e de inovação tecnológica, surgindo os conceitos de autoconsumo e produção de eletricidade em regime de pequena produção. Porém, é necessário efetuar a avaliação dos impactos que a introdução destas tecnologias provoca nas redes de distribuição de baixa tensão. Assim sendo, os principais objetivos desta dissertação assentam na avaliação do comportamento da rede de distribuição sob diferentes condições de carga e penetração fotovoltaica de modo a analisar os resultados do sistema relativamente à variação dos perfis de tensão, avaliação de perdas e análise do congestionamento dos condutores. Com recurso ao software Power World foram consideradas várias situações de exploração e criados cenários utilizando perfis de consumo diários e diagramas de produção para uma instalação fotovoltaica. A metodologia foi aplicada numa rede de distribuição de baixa tensão real, variando os valores de carga e produção em função da época do ano (Verão e Inverno) e hora do dia. A análise dos resultados comprovou o impacto positivo que o aumento do número de prosumers provoca na rede, contribuindo para a diminuição das perdas ativas e reativas e para a redução do congestionamento dos condutores. Em relação aos perfis de tensão, como seria de esperar, é nas horas de maior exposição solar que se verifica um maior aumento dos valores. Ao passo que se aumenta o número de instalações fotovoltaicas na rede os valores de tensão aumentam sendo possível garantir que os intervalos de tolerância não sejam excedidos (±10% da tensão nominal). Porém, em situações especificas como um consumo baixo face a uma produção elevada, existe a possibilidade de ocorrência de problemas que poderão comprometer os limites operacionais da rede como é o caso dos níveis de tensão. Atualmente aponta-se o futuro da distribuição de energia para um novo conceito em crescimento: as smart grids. A implementação destas redes inteligentes permitirá resolver certos problemas de forma automatizada através da incorporação de tecnologias inteligentes para medição e comunicações sobre o estado da rede em tempo real.
The consumption of electricity has gradually increased with the constant progress of society, raising concerns about the environment and the need for sustainable development. For this, incentives have been introduced for the implementation of small production systems in consumer facilities, appearing the concept of producer-consumer: the prosumer. It happens then a change of energy paradigm that will extensively transform the electric networks to bring new challenges. The new paradigm is based on the efficient use of energy supported in the management of the demand, the bet in the renewable energies and the distributed production reinforcing the role of the prosumer. In this sequence, new solutions of distributed production and of technological innovation are integrated, with the concepts of self-consumption and production of electricity in a small production system. However, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of the introduction of these technologies on low voltage distribution networks. Therefore, the main objectives of this dissertation are based on the evaluation of the performance of the distribution network under different conditions of load and photovoltaic penetration to analyse the results of the system regarding the variation of the voltage profiles, loss evaluation and congestion analysis of the conductors. Using Power World software, various operating scenarios were considered using daily consumption profiles and production diagrams for a photovoltaic installation. The methodology was applied to a real low voltage network, varying the load and production according to the time of year (summer or winter) and time of day. The analysis of the results showed the positive impact that the increase in the number of prosumers causes in the network, contributing to the reduction of the active and reactive losses and the reduction of the congestion of the conductors. Regarding the tension profiles, as expected, it is in the hours of greater sun exposure that there is a greater increase in values. As the number of photovoltaic systems in the network increases, the voltage values growth and it is possible to ensure that the tolerance intervals are not exceeded (±10% of the rated voltage). However, in specific situation such as low consumption due to high production, problems can occur that could compromise the operating limits of the network, such as voltage levels. Currently the future of energy distribution is being pointed out for a new growth concept: smart grids. The implementation of these concept will solve problems in an automated way by incorporating intelligent technologies for measurement and communications on the state of the network on real time.
The consumption of electricity has gradually increased with the constant progress of society, raising concerns about the environment and the need for sustainable development. For this, incentives have been introduced for the implementation of small production systems in consumer facilities, appearing the concept of producer-consumer: the prosumer. It happens then a change of energy paradigm that will extensively transform the electric networks to bring new challenges. The new paradigm is based on the efficient use of energy supported in the management of the demand, the bet in the renewable energies and the distributed production reinforcing the role of the prosumer. In this sequence, new solutions of distributed production and of technological innovation are integrated, with the concepts of self-consumption and production of electricity in a small production system. However, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of the introduction of these technologies on low voltage distribution networks. Therefore, the main objectives of this dissertation are based on the evaluation of the performance of the distribution network under different conditions of load and photovoltaic penetration to analyse the results of the system regarding the variation of the voltage profiles, loss evaluation and congestion analysis of the conductors. Using Power World software, various operating scenarios were considered using daily consumption profiles and production diagrams for a photovoltaic installation. The methodology was applied to a real low voltage network, varying the load and production according to the time of year (summer or winter) and time of day. The analysis of the results showed the positive impact that the increase in the number of prosumers causes in the network, contributing to the reduction of the active and reactive losses and the reduction of the congestion of the conductors. Regarding the tension profiles, as expected, it is in the hours of greater sun exposure that there is a greater increase in values. As the number of photovoltaic systems in the network increases, the voltage values growth and it is possible to ensure that the tolerance intervals are not exceeded (±10% of the rated voltage). However, in specific situation such as low consumption due to high production, problems can occur that could compromise the operating limits of the network, such as voltage levels. Currently the future of energy distribution is being pointed out for a new growth concept: smart grids. The implementation of these concept will solve problems in an automated way by incorporating intelligent technologies for measurement and communications on the state of the network on real time.
Description
Keywords
Distribuição de energia em baixa tensão Produção distribuída Prosumer Painel fotovoltaico Perfis de tensão Perdas ativas e reativas Congestionamento dos condutores Smart grids Distribution of energy at low voltage Distributed production Photovoltaic panel Voltage profiles Active and reactive losses Congestion of the conductors