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LCA4Power: Desenvolvimento de uma Ferramenta MS ExcelTM para Avaliação do Impacte Ambiental da Produção de 1 kWhel a Partir de Fontes Fósseis
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Abstract(s)
A metodologia de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida é empregue nesta dissertação tendo em vista
a avaliação do impacte ambiental produção de 1 kWh de energia elétrica em Portugal
continental, usando fontes de energia fósseis. As tecnologias consideradas neste estudo
foram as centrais térmicas e as centrais de cogeração. Ambas foram selecionadas devido ao
forte contributo no mix energético nacional dos combustíveis inerentes às mesmas, sendo
estes o carvão e o gás natural. Os indicadores ambientais considerados nesta dissertação
seguem o padrão identificado em estudos análogos que foram identificados na literatura
aberta. Em particular, foi selecionado o indicador do Potencial de Alterações Climáticas (de
todos é o mais significativo), seguido do Potencial de Acidificação, Potencial de
Eutrofização, Potencial de Depleção da Camada de Ozono e por fim do Potencial de Criação
de Nevoeiro Fotoquímico. Com o intuito de calcular os valores dos indicadores ambientais,
foi criada e desenvolvida uma ferramenta de cálculo em MS ExcelTM, LCA4Power, que
considerou as etapas do ciclo de vida de cada tecnologia assim como a respetiva
representatividade no mix energético nacional, excluindo a incorporação de eletricidade
produzida fora do território nacional e a distribuição e consumo final. Os dados necessários
para o cálculo dos indicadores, em particular os fatores de emissão, foram obtidos da
literatura e de bases de dados de inventário de ciclo de vida, tendo sido inseridos na
ferramenta de cálculo. O cálculo dos valores dos indicadores ambientais permitiu confirmar
que, como seria de esperar, o indicador Potencial de Alterações Climáticas se destacou dos
restantes para o ano de 2012. Quanto aos outros indicadores ambientais, todos apresentaram
valores considerados constantes no período de referência, isto é, entre 2011 e 2015. Outra
constatação assinalável, é que se verificou uma descida considerável dos valores de todos os
indicadores ambientais entre os anos de 2013 e 2014, fruto da forte incorporação da
componente renovável no mix energético para o período em questão. O melhor exemplo que
fundamenta esse facto está no indicador ambiental do Potencial de Depleção da Camada que
apresenta um valor bastante reduzido quando comparado com os restantes indicadores. Por
fim, entre 2014 e 2015, o resultado da variação dos indicadores ambientais também
acompanha os valores percentuais no mix energético português, onde a componente fóssil e
apesar de ter aumentado, apresenta valores pouco inferiores à componente renovável.
The Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology is used in this work in order to evaluate the environmental impact of 1 kWh of electricity produced in Portugal mainland, using only fossil fuels. This study considers the following energy production technologies: Cogeneration and Thermoelectric Power Plants. The main reason behind their selection is the strong contribution of fossil fuels, in particular coal and natural gas, in the Portuguese Energy Mix. The environmental indicators considered for this study are similar to those used in similar studies previously identified in the open literature. Therefore the following indicators were used: the Global Warming Potential (the most significant of all indicators), followed by the Acidification Potential, Eutrophication Potential, Ozone Depletion Potential and the Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential. In order to calculate the values of each indicator, a MS ExcelTM tool was developed, called LCA4Power, that considered the LCA stages from both technologies and their influence in the Portuguese Energy Mix, excluding the incorporation of electricity from outside Portugal´s mainland, namely: Madeira, Azores, imported electricity and the distribution and the final consumption life cycle stages. The data used in the tool and used in the calculations was obtained through the open literature and from different life cycle inventory databases, for the years between 2011 and 2015. After all the calculations, as expected, it can be concluded that the Global Warming Potential indicator had the highest values compared to the others, for the year of 2012. As for the other environmental indicators, all of them showed constant results according to the selected time lapse in this work, which is between the years of 2011 and 2015. Another observation is that, amid 2013 and 2014 it occurred a significant decrease of all the indicators because of the strong incorporation of the renewable component in the Portuguese Energy Mix in that time period. The best example that supports that statement is in the Ozone Depletion Potential indicator, which has a lower value comparing to the other indicators. At last, between 2014 and 2015 the observed difference of the indicators results follows the evolution of the Portuguese Energy Mix, where the fossil component, despite of its increasing, showed values that are a little lower to the renewable component.
The Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology is used in this work in order to evaluate the environmental impact of 1 kWh of electricity produced in Portugal mainland, using only fossil fuels. This study considers the following energy production technologies: Cogeneration and Thermoelectric Power Plants. The main reason behind their selection is the strong contribution of fossil fuels, in particular coal and natural gas, in the Portuguese Energy Mix. The environmental indicators considered for this study are similar to those used in similar studies previously identified in the open literature. Therefore the following indicators were used: the Global Warming Potential (the most significant of all indicators), followed by the Acidification Potential, Eutrophication Potential, Ozone Depletion Potential and the Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential. In order to calculate the values of each indicator, a MS ExcelTM tool was developed, called LCA4Power, that considered the LCA stages from both technologies and their influence in the Portuguese Energy Mix, excluding the incorporation of electricity from outside Portugal´s mainland, namely: Madeira, Azores, imported electricity and the distribution and the final consumption life cycle stages. The data used in the tool and used in the calculations was obtained through the open literature and from different life cycle inventory databases, for the years between 2011 and 2015. After all the calculations, as expected, it can be concluded that the Global Warming Potential indicator had the highest values compared to the others, for the year of 2012. As for the other environmental indicators, all of them showed constant results according to the selected time lapse in this work, which is between the years of 2011 and 2015. Another observation is that, amid 2013 and 2014 it occurred a significant decrease of all the indicators because of the strong incorporation of the renewable component in the Portuguese Energy Mix in that time period. The best example that supports that statement is in the Ozone Depletion Potential indicator, which has a lower value comparing to the other indicators. At last, between 2014 and 2015 the observed difference of the indicators results follows the evolution of the Portuguese Energy Mix, where the fossil component, despite of its increasing, showed values that are a little lower to the renewable component.
Description
Keywords
Avaliação do ciclo de vida Centrais de cogeração Centrais termoelétricas Energia de fontes fósseis Impactes ambientais Indicadores ambientais Life Cycle Assessment Cogeneration Environmental Impact Environmental Indicators Fossil Energy Thermoelectric Power Plants