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A comprehensive understanding of postural tone biomechanics: intrinsic stiffness, functional stiffness, antagonist coactivation, and COP Dynamics in post-stroke adults

2025-03-30Research article Open access
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dc.contributor.authorPinho, Liliana
dc.contributor.authorFreitas, Marta
dc.contributor.authorPinho, Francisco
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Sandra
dc.contributor.authorFigueira, Vânia
dc.contributor.authorRibeiro, Edgar
dc.contributor.authorSousa, Andreia S. P.
dc.contributor.authorSousa, Filipa
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Augusta
dc.contributor.authorPinheiro de Sousa, Andreia Sofia
dc.contributor.authorFerreira Silva, Maria Augusta
dc.contributor.authorOliveira e Pinho, Liliana
dc.contributor.authorNicolau Gonçalves de Freitas, Marta Sofia
dc.date.accessioned2025-11-03T14:42:24Z
dc.date.available2025-11-03T14:42:24Z
dc.date.issued2025-03-30
dc.description.abstractTo analyse the relationship between traditional stiffness and muscle antagonist coactivation in both stroke and healthy participants, using linear and nonlinear measures of coactivation and COP during standing, stand-to-sit, and gait initiation. Participants were evaluated through a cross-sectional design. Electromyography, isokinetic dynamometer, and force plate were used to calculate coactivation, intrinsic and functional stiffness, and COP displacement, with both linear and non-linear metrics. Spearman’s correlations and Mann–Whitney tests were applied (p < 0.05). Poststroke participants showed higher contralesional intrinsic stiffness (p = 0.041) and higher functional stiffness (p = 0.047). Coactivation was higher on the ipsilesional side during standing (p = 0.012) and reduced on the contralesional side during standing and transitions (p < 0.01). Moderate correlations were found between intrinsic and functional stiffness (p = 0.030) and between coactivation and intrinsic stiffness (standing and stand-to-sit: p = 0.048) and functional stiffness (gait initiation: p = 0.045). COP displacement was reduced in post-stroke participants during standing (p < 0.001) and increased during gait initiation (p = 0.001). Post-stroke participants exhibited increased gastrocnemius/tibialis anterior coactivation during gait initiation (p = 0.038) and higher entropy and stability across tasks (p < 0.001). Post-stroke participants showed higher contralesional intrinsic and functional stiffness, reduced coactivation in static tasks, and increased coactivation in dynamic tasks. COP and coactivation analyses revealed impaired stability and random control, highlighting the importance of multidimensional evaluations of postural tone.por
dc.identifier.citationPinho, L., Freitas, M., Pinho, F., Silva, S., Figueira, V., Ribeiro, E., Sousa, A. S. P., Sousa, F., & Silva, A. (2025). A Comprehensive Understanding of Postural Tone Biomechanics: Intrinsic Stiffness, Functional Stiffness, Antagonist Coactivation, and COP Dynamics in Post-Stroke Adults. Sensors, 25(7), 2196. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072196
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/s25072196
dc.identifier.eissn1424-8220
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.22/30725
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relationUIDB/05210/2020
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/7/2196
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectMuscle tone
dc.subjectPostural control
dc.subjectNeuromuscular adaptation
dc.subjectNon-linear analysis
dc.subjectBiomechanical stability
dc.titleA comprehensive understanding of postural tone biomechanics: intrinsic stiffness, functional stiffness, antagonist coactivation, and COP Dynamics in post-stroke adultspor
dc.typeresearch article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue7
oaire.citation.titleSensors
oaire.citation.volume24
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNamePinheiro de Sousa
person.familyNameFerreira Silva
person.familyNameOliveira e Pinho
person.familyNameNicolau Gonçalves de Freitas
person.givenNameAndreia Sofia
person.givenNameMaria Augusta
person.givenNameLiliana
person.givenNameMarta Sofia
person.identifier1070119
person.identifier1087589
person.identifier.ciencia-id2216-9200-7EF6
person.identifier.ciencia-idCE18-7090-9C5E
person.identifier.ciencia-idED12-ED6E-5271
person.identifier.ciencia-id1C1D-EBDF-411F
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-9528-1463
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-5018-6905
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-6751-5269
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-6325-6412
person.identifier.ridC-7138-2019
person.identifier.scopus-author-id55950021600
person.identifier.scopus-author-id24482045400
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationaeecfe02-e80d-49ab-9033-a1ade15658f2
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationedfc4f79-82b7-4669-8fa1-220cc20aa495
relation.isAuthorOfPublication2e5d91dc-8cda-46a7-9414-47288c45d317
relation.isAuthorOfPublication8dd67420-2dee-46b0-984b-24aace75aa6e
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryaeecfe02-e80d-49ab-9033-a1ade15658f2

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