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- Anatomic region differences and age-related changes on Na+ and K+ levels in human brainPublication . Pinto, Edgar; Ramos, P.; Carvalhido, A.; Pinto, N.; Mendes, R.; Santos, A.; Almeida, A.Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) have been the subject of intensive research in last years in an attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying the neurodegeneration process. The etiology of these diseases is multifactorial, involving a complex interaction between the aging, genetic predisposition and environmental factors. In particular, the role of metals as risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders is currently being studied. As regards to this topic, the knowledge of metal distribution in the brain is of major importance. Evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with impaired depressed Na+/K+ ATPase levels in AD brain that might lead to a cellular ion imbalance. Recent studies show that a pronounced levels in AD brain that might lead to a cellular ion imbalance. Recent studies show that a pronounced and the age of individuals.