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- Large-scale optimization of households with photovoltaic-battery system and demand responsePublication . Lezama, Fernando; Faia, Ricardo; Abrishambaf, Omid; Faria, Pedro; Vale, ZitaThe adoption of distributed resources by households, e.g., storage units and renewables, open the possibility of self-consumption (on-site generation), sell energy to the grid as a small producer, or do both according to the context of operation. In this paper, a framework capturing the interactions between an aggregator and a large number of households is envisaged. We consider households equipped with distributed resources and simple smart technologies that look for the reduction of energy bills and can perform demand response actions. A mixed-integer linear programming formulation that provides optimal scheduling of household devices and minimal operation costs is developed. Results show that the model can be applied considering up to 10000 households. Moreover, households can reduce up to 20% of their energy bill on average using storage units and demand response. Besides, the aggregator can attain profits by offering the resulting flexibility to upper-level players of the energy chain, such as the distribution system operator.
- Lighting Consumption Optimization in an Office Building for Demand Response ParticipationPublication . Khorram Ghahfarrokhi, Mahsa; Faria, Pedro; Abrishambaf, Omid; Vale, ZitaDue to daily increment of electricity demand all around the world, the use of renewable energy resources and the methods of energy optimization are being important. Since the lighting systems have a pivotal role in the energy consumption of the buildings, the optimization of the lighting system should be effective. Hence, the focus of this paper is to minimize the lights consumption of an office building, while participating in demand response programs. The methodology of this work is proposed as a linear optimization problem that manages the generation of a renewable energy resource, which supplies a part of the energy consumption of the building. The lighting system of the building consists of the several laboratorial and commercial equipment, utilizing different communication interfaces. For the case studies, the amount of the renewable energy generation, total consumption of building, and the consumption of the lights in a real research building are considered.
- Demand Response Implementation in an Optimization Based SCADA Model Under Real-Time Pricing SchemesPublication . Khorram Ghahfarrokhi, Mahsa; Faria, Pedro; Abrishambaf, Omid; Vale, ZitaAdvancement of renewable energy resources, development of smart grids, and the effectiveness of demand response programs, can be considered as solutions to deal with the rising of energy consumption. However, there is no benefit if the consumers do not have enough automation infrastructure to use the facilities. Since the entire kinds of buildings have a massive portion in electricity usage, equipping them with optimization-based systems can be very effective. For this purpose, this paper proposes an optimization-based model implemented in a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, and Multi Agent System. This optimization model is based on power reduction of air conditioners and lighting systems of an office building with respect to the price-based demand response programs, such as real-time pricing. The proposed system utilizes several agents associated with the different distributed based controller devices in order to perform decision making locally and communicate with other agents to fulfill the overall system’s goal. In the case study of the paper, the proposed system is used in order to show the cost reduction in the energy bill of the building, while it respects the user preferences and comfort level.
- Application of an optimization-based curtailment service provider in real-time simulationPublication . Abrishambaf, Omid; Faria, Pedro; Vale, ZitaThe use of demand response programs and distributed renewable energy resources are intensively discussed. These concepts play a key role in the distribution network, especially smart grids and microgrids. Nowadays, most of the implemented demand response programs are considered for large-scale resources, which make small and medium resources unable to participate in electricity market negotiations. In order to overcome this barrier, a third-party entity, namely an aggregator, can be considered as an intermediate player between the demand side and grid side. For this purpose, curtailment service provider is considered as an aggregator, which aggregates small and medium-scale resources, who do not have adequate capacity of reduction or generation and allow them to participate in wholesale electricity markets as a unique resource. However, before massive implementation of business models, the performance of the curtailment service provider should be adequately surveyed and validated in order to prevent future problems. This paper proposes a real-time simulation model of a curtailment service provider, which employs several real and laboratory hardware equipment considered as hardware-in-the-loop in the real-time simulator. Furthermore, an optimization problem is developed for a curtailment service provider in order to optimally schedule the available resources including several demand response programs and distributed renewable resources, aiming at minimizing its operation costs. The implemented case study considers a distribution network with 20 consumers and prosumers, and 26 renewable-based producers including wind and photovoltaic generation, where the developed model is performed in real-time for 12 min and behaviors of small and medium prosumers and producers is surveyed.
- An Optimization Algorithm for Cost Minimization in Residential BuildingsPublication . Khorram Ghahfarrokhi, Mahsa; Faria, Pedro; Abrishambaf, Omid; Vale, ZitaThe increment of the electricity consumption around the world has led many efforts on the network operators to reduce the consumption in the demand side and encourage to increase the use of renewable energies. Since the buildings have a significant part in energy consumption, and lighting systems have an important role in the energy consumption of the buildings, the optimization of the lighting system should be effective. Hence, the focus of this paper is to minimize the lamps consumption of a residential house based on electricity price and try to take advantages from photovoltaic generation as much as possible. The methodology of this work is proposed as a linear optimization problem that manages the generation of a renewable energy resource, which supplies a part of the energy consumption of the house. For the case studies, the amount of the renewable energy generation, total consumption of building, consumption of the lights, and electricity price are considered.
- Office building participation in demand response programs supported by intelligent lighting managementPublication . Khorram Ghahfarrokhi, Mahsa; Abrishambaf, Omid; Faria, Pedro; Vale, ZitaAccording to importance of demand response programs in smart grids and microgrids, many efforts have been made to change the consumption patterns of the users, and the use of renewable resources has also increased. Significant part of energy consumption belongs to buildings such as residential, commercial, and office buildings. Many buildings are equipping with components that can be used for the participation in demand response programs. The SCADA system plays a key role in this context, which enables the building operator to have control and monitor the consumption and generation. This paper presents a real implementation of an optimization based SCADA system, which employs several controlling and monitoring methods in order to manage the consumption and generation of the building for decision support and participating in demand response events. Since the air conditioning devices are suitable controllable appliances for direct load control demand response, and lighting system as flexible loads for reduction and curtailment, they can play a key role in the scope of demand response programs. In this system, several real controller components manage the consumption of lighting system and air conditioning of the building based on an optimization model. In the case study of the paper, the SCADA system is considered as a player of an aggregation model, which is considered as demand response managing entity, and its performance during demand response events will be surveyed. The obtained results show that with adequate small reduction in the lighting system and air conditioning devices, the electricity customers are able to actively participate in the electricity markets using demand response programs and also for internal efficient use of electricity.