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- “We Are Tired”—The sharing of unpaid work between immigrant women and men in PortugalPublication . Silva, Estefânia; Casimiro, Cláudia; Vieira, Cristina Pereira; Costa, Paulo Manuel; Topa, Joana; Neves, Sofia; Borges, Janete; Sousa, MafaldaIn this article, we intend to understand and discuss how immigrant men and women living in Portugal perceive their contributions to the performance of unpaid work and how they try to deal with the situation of the greater burden on women. To this end, a qualitative methodology was used to conduct an exploratory study with 10 focus groups of immigrant men and women in five regions of the country: North, Centre, Lisbon, Alentejo and Algarve. The participants, 43 females and 27 males, were aged between 19 and 80 years. From the discourse of the immigrant participants in this study, it could be concluded that the division of unpaid work between immigrant women and men is not equal, as their statements evidenced a greater responsibility and overload on women. From a traditional vision of gender roles, a persistent dichotomy of two worlds could be perceived, based on a “naturalized” vision of the social roles of gender and on a distribution grounded in biological differences. In parallel, discourses show a change in the sharing of household chores and childcare. However, this does not always occur regularly and appears very much associated with the entry of women into the paid labour market.
- Racism in football in Portugal: perceptions of multiple actorsPublication . Neves, Sofia; Topa, Joana; Borges, Janete; Silva, EstefâniaThe present paper aims to analyze and understand, from an intersectional point of view, the extent and the characteristics of racism in football in Portugal, based on the perspectives of football fans, coaches, amateur players, professional players, journalists, parents, and other elements directly or indirectly involved in the modality. Using an online questionnaire, this exploratory study involved 1681 participants, 456 self-identified as women, 1221 as men, and 4 as non-binary, aged between 13 and 61 years old (M = 33.02; DP = 12.64). The results show gender, skin color, ethnicity, sexual orientation/gender identity, and functional diversity are the main factors explaining discrimination in football, with differences between genders. Nearly 70% of women and 50% of men admitted the existence of racism in football in Portugal. In addition, associations between participants’ condition, age, perceptions, and experiences of racism were found, with amateur players and younger participants revealing a stronger position concerning the topic. This study can inform contemporary debates in critical research, particularly around football, discrimination, and cultural citizenship. Intersectional research across football studies is crucial to better understand the racialized aspects of football and develop better policies that can prevent and combat racism.
- Emotion networks in individuals with high and low social anxiety symptomsPublication . Oliveira, Cláudia; Liebowitz, Michael; Calaboiça, Cláudia; Castro, Daniel; Borges, Janete; Santos, Anita; Meira, Liliana; Borges, JaneteSocial Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is a highly prevalent mental health disorder. Theoretical models of SAD emphasize the role of cognitive and behavioral factors in the development and maintenance of the disorder, although emotional experiences are equally relevant. Most studies focus on the relationship between SAD and affect broadly (positive and negative affect), or address specific emotions separately, rather than examining multiple positive and negative emotions in one integrated model. Network analysis can provide important insights into the emotional system underlying SAD and how it is organized differently between individuals with high and low social anxiety. Therefore, we aimed to identify the central emotions and compare several macro-network properties (e.g., connectivity) between high and low socially anxious individuals. Two networks were estimated using a Mixed Graphical Model (MGM). The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was used to assess emotional states, and social anxiety symptoms were measured with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale– self-report version (LSAS-SR), previously adapted and validated. Participants recruited from the community were divided into two groups based on the LSAS-SR cut-off score: with high (N=306, Mage=28.50; SDage=10.59) and low social anxiety symptoms (N=306, Mage=34.30; SDage=13). Results Network connectivity distinguished the two groups. Participants with higher social anxiety symptoms showed a more interconnected emotion network. Feeling scared, disturbed, and guilty were central emotions and were identified as valuable treatment targets. The results contribute to the understanding of emotional experience in the context of SAD from a network perspective, and to the growing literature on network theory, by clarifying which network properties are promising markers of an emotional system resistant to change.
- Gender beliefs and dating violence practices among university students in PortugalPublication . Neves, Sofia; Correia, Ariana; Borges, Janete; Borges, JaneteThe aim of the present article is to present and discuss the results of a Portuguese national study with 4696 university students, 3846 (81.9%) self-identified as females, 843 (17.8%) self-identified as males, and 16 (0.3%) non-binary people (M = 22.4 years old; SD = 5.132). With the objective of characterizing the relationship between gender beliefs and dating violence practices, an online questionnaire was administered. Results show that 2524 (53.7%) students had suffered an episode of dating violence and 1599 (34%) had perpetrated one at least once during their life. Female students were more victimized than male students, while male students perpetrated more dating violence than female participants. An association between gender beliefs legitimizing violence and gender was found, with male students endorsing more gender beliefs legitimizing violence than female students. Additionally, those who suffered from and perpetrated dating violence presented higher levels of gender beliefs legitimizing violence than those who did not suffer from or perpetrate it.