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- Process modelling of copacking operations using BPMN: a case study at a large european logistics operator distribution centrePublication . Pereira, Maria T.; Pinto, Carlota; Ferreira, Fernanda A.; Ramos, Filipe R.; Pereira, Marisa G.; SpringerCopacking and reworking activities play a critical role in modern logistics operations, particularly in highly customized supply chains. However, their predominantly manual nature makes them prone to inefficiencies, variability, and limited standardization. This study applies Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) to model, analyse, and structure the end-to-end copacking workflow within a large European logistics operator, focusing on an external service provider operating within the facility. The methodological approach involved direct observation and segmentation of the process into four phases: Budgeting process, Preparation for the start, Operational handling and Material handling and order closure. The BPMN diagrams developed enabled the identification of bottlenecks, redundant email-based communication loops, manual data reconciliation using Excel and limited system integration across WMS and SAP platforms. Results demonstrate that BPMN effectively increases process transparency, clarifies interdepartmental responsibilities, and supports the identification of opportunities for automation particularly in administrative tasks, quotation validation cycles, and order closure procedures. The study concludes that structured process modelling is a valuable step toward future digitalization and operational optimisation in copacking environments, contributing to greater consistency, traceability, and scalability in logistics services that remain heavily dependent on human intervention.