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- The Impact of Macro and Micro Management Approaches on IT Project SuccessPublication . Teixeira, Rodrigo Fernandes; Araújo, Susana Cláudia Nicola deChoosing the right tools and methodologies is one of the most critical decisions that a project management team makes in the dynamic, multifaceted field of project management. This would ideally be done by considering the macro or micro approach toward project management implementation. The macro approach—the broad, strategic view of project management—concerns itself with overall goals, extended timelines, and high-level planning. In contrast, the micro approach focuses on minute details of tactics and tasks. It deals with detailed tasks and short-term deliverables, and its monitoring system is strict. Only through understanding the subtleties and applications of these approaches can the project manager hope to maximize the potential for optimal project outcomes. The macro approach would deal more with the broad overview so that an organization could align projects with its strategic objectives in order to efficiently and effectively use its resources and manage the risks involved. The micro approach, on the other hand, gives close and thorough supervision of the activities of the project, thereby helping in the strict control and prompt reaction in the wake of newly discovered issues. This dissertation provides insight into the relative advantages and limitations of both macro and micro approaches in project management. It explores the situations in which each of these approaches is at its best and the type of projects that better fit either approach, since this could yield a strategy that reaps the benefits accruing from both approaches. A PRISMA-guided systematic review ensures that all the available literature is viewed comprehensively and without bias. This paper strives to provide a complete guide in picking the approach that best fits project needs and its implementation for project managers, drawing case studies, theoretical frameworks, and empirical data.
- Signature cytokine-associated transcriptome analysis of effector γδ T cells identifies subset-specific regulators of peripheral activationPublication . Inácio, Daniel; Amado, Tiago; Pamplona, Ana; Sobral, Daniel; Cunha, Carolina; Santos, Rita F.; Oliveira, Liliana; Rouquié, Nelly; Carmo, Alexandre M.; Lesourne, Renaud; Gomes, Anita Q.; Santos, Bruno Silva; Santos, Ana Ritaγδ T cells producing either interleukin-17A (γδ17 cells) or interferon-γ (γδIFN cells) are generated in the mouse thymus, but the molecular regulators of their peripheral functions are not fully characterized. Here we established an Il17a-GFP:Ifng-YFP double-reporter mouse strain to analyze at unprecedented depth the transcriptomes of pure γδ17 cell versus γδIFN cell populations from peripheral lymph nodes. Within a very high fraction of differentially expressed genes, we identify a panel of 20 new signature genes in steady-state γδ17 cells versus γδIFN cells, which we further validate in models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and cerebral malaria, respectively. Among the signature genes, we show that the co-receptor CD6 and the signaling protein Themis promote the activation and proliferation of peripheral γδIFN cells in response to T cell antigen receptor stimulation in vitro and to Plasmodium infection in vivo. This resource can help to understand the distinct activities of effector γδ T cell subsets in pathophysiology.