Browsing by Author "ALVES, NUNO RAFAEL DE SOUSA"
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- Sistema inteligente de apoio à arbitragem: Uma abordagem de visão por computador e aprendizagem profunda para a deteção de faltas no futebol amadorPublication . ALVES, NUNO RAFAEL DE SOUSA; Martins, António Constantino Lopes; Matos, Paulo Sérgio dos SantosRecent advancements in computer vision and artificial intelligence have revolutionized sports technology, particularly in professional football through systems like Video Assistant Referee (VAR). However, a significant technological gap exists between professional and amateur levels of the sport, with professional systems costing thousands of euros remaining inaccessible to grassroots football. This research addresses this disparity by developing an automated referee assistant system using consumer-grade smartphones. The proposed system integrates three specialized YOLO-based models: YOLOv12 for player and ball tracking, a custom-trained YOLO11 Pose model for field keypoint detection, and another YOLO11 Pose model for player pose estimation. A key innovation is our proximitybased processing strategy that triggers pose analysis only when players are near the ball, reducing computational overhead by approximately 65% while maintaining detection accuracy. The system employs dual-camera panoramic stitching to achieve 180-degree field coverage, overcoming parallax challenges through optimized camera positioning guidelines. Our implementation achieves 86.8% mean average precision for player detection and 99.5% for field keypoint detection, though ball detection remains challenging at 51.7% due to object size limitations. The system successfully detects handball violations outside the penalty area and ball out-of-bounds situations in real-time at 15-20 frames per second. We created a custom dataset of 500 annotated images with 27 field keypoints, addressing a critical gap in publicly available football field detection resources. While the system faces limitations in 3D spatial analysis for airborne balls, it demonstrates that meaningful referee assistance is achievable with consumer hardware. This research contributes to democratizing sports technology by providing an accessible, cost-effective solution that brings automated officiating capabilities to amateur football, where the vast majority of matches worldwide currently lack any technological support.