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- From engineering geosciences mapping towards sustainable urban planningPublication . Chaminé, Helder I.; Teixeira, José; Freitas, Liliana; Pires, Ana; Silva, Rui S.; Pinho, Telma; Monteiro, Rosália; Costa, Ana Lúcia; Abreu, Tiago; Trigo, José Filinto; Afonso, Maria José; Carvalho, José MartinsMaps are of key topical importance in urban geoscience and engineering practice, mainly in field data synthesis and communication related to a number of fields, such as geomatic techniques, applied geology and geomorphology, engineering geology, soil and rock geotechnics, slope geotechnics, subsurface site geotechnical investigations, urban hydrology, hydraulics and sanitation, coastal zones management, urban geoarcheology and heritage, planning and land use. The value of preparing engineering geoscience maps and plans specificallyfor urban engineering purposes are still a challenging task, particularly to end-users and planners. Nowadays, the application of Geographic Information Systems to geosciences and engineering has become more common. This paper emphasises the importance of an accurate ground field survey and inventory at several scales, GIS mapping and databases, and integrated multidisciplinary urban studies as useful tools to support a sustainable land use planning. Some selected sites are highlighted to demonstrate the importance of urban mapping for land use planning. Thus, in this study the significance of a smart urban geoscience approach is stressed.
- Hydrogeochemical, isotopical and ecotohicological approach to the Paranhos spring galleries catchworks from Porto urban area (nw Portugal)Publication . Guimarães, Laura; Afonso, Maria José; I. Chaminé, Helder; Marques, José M.; Carreira, Paula; Costa, Isilda; Teixeira, José; Guilhermino, Lúcia; Carvalho, José Martins; Fonseca, Paulo E.; Rocha. Fernando T.; Beleza, VitorinoThis multidisciplinary study presents the preliminary results of the hydrogeochemical, isotopical and ecotoxicological analyses performed to assess the nature and suitability for use of groundwater from the Paranhos’ spring galleries catchworks. These springs constituted for more than five centuries one of the main water supplies to Porto city. For the characterisation of the underground area (ca. 3km extension and a-25m of depth), constituted mainly by granitic rocks, the following tools were applied: i) subsurface geological and geotechnical mapping and; ii) hydrogeological, isotopical and ecotoxicological techniques. Surface and subsurface fieldwork surveys were first carried out to identify major tectonic accidents responsible for groundwater circulation paths and to assess lithological and structural heterogeneity. Hydrogeological fieldwork campaigns were then performed, and in situ determinations included: temperature (°C), pH and electrical conductivity (uS/cm). Several sampling sites were subsequently established, based on the surface activities located on the course of the springs, and water samples were collected for hydrogeochemical, isotopical and ecotoxicological analyses. All the water samples have been analysed for major element concentration. The isotopic techniques employed included d2H and d18O. For ecotoxicological evaluation standard acute bioassays with Daphnia magna were performed. For each sample, two 48h-LC5o bioassays were simultaneously performed: one with PH correction and the other without pH correction. In each bioassay, five concentrations of groundwater were prepared by dilution of the original sample with ASTM hard water. The hydrogeochemical analyses showed a nitrate and sulphate-enriched composition for these groundwaters, probably resulting from intense urbanisation, sewer leakage and some agricultural practices. Concerning the ecotoxicological analyses, no mortality was observed in any of the tests performed. The results obtained in this study suggest that part of Porto urban groundwater could be suitable for irrigation uses, but additional tests must be carried out to verify its compliance with existing standards of water quality. Specifically, geoenvironmental and ecotoxicological studies are required to assess potential variations in water composition and toxicity associated with seasonal changes in climate and human activities.
- On a dialogue between hard-rock aquifer mapping and hydrogeological conceptual models: insights into groundwater explorationPublication . Chaminé, Helder I.; Carvalho, José Martins; Afonso, Maria José; Teixeira, José; Freitas, LilianaGroundwater is a dynamic and renewable resource, but in hard-rock terrains its availability is rather limited compared to other types of aquifer formations. Groundwater systems require a comprehensive understanding of geology, morphotectonics and hydrology, which are controlled by ground characteristics like weathering grade, fracturing degree, permeability, slope, drainage pattern and density, land cover, and climate. GIS-based integrative cartography provides an accurate way to improve knowledge on water circulation models and on the global functioning of aquifer systems. The groundwater conceptual model based in Earth systems has proven its value in water resource studies. This approach highlights the importance of groundwater exploration mapping as a useful tool to support hydrogeological conceptualisation of fractured hard-rock terrains, contributing to the sustainability of water resources.
- A preliminary hydrogeologic conceptual model of the Manteigas-Nave de Santo Antonio-Torre sector (Serra da Estrela Natural park, central Portugal)Publication . Marques, Jorge Espinha; Marques, José M.; Carreira, Paula M.; I. Chaminé, Helder; Fonseca, Paulo E.; Samper, Javier; Pisani, B.; Alvares, D.; Vieira, Gonçalo T.; Mora, Carla; Teixeira, José; Gomes, Alberto; Carvalho, José Martins; Borges, Frederico S.; Rocha, Fernando T.; Beleza, VitorinoThis work is strongly connected with one of the most crucial water research issues at the turn of the millennium “High Mountain Areas Hydrology” (UNESCO IHP-VI Programme). Special emphasis is dedicated to high mountains and their role and impact on surface water/groundwater interaction at Serra da Estrela region - Central Portugal, in order propose a preliminary hydrogeologic conceptual model of the Manteigas - Nave de Santo Antonio - Torre sector, contributing to i) increase knowledge on recharge and discharge processes in this high mountain area and ii) assess the role of snowmelt as a source of groundwater resources, with the aid of coupled isotopic and geochemical techniques. The isotopic signatures of Caldas de Manteigas thermomineral waters combined with the i) morphostructural data and ii) isotopic composition of shallow groundwater and precipitation samples, made it possible to identify possible recharge areas, which should be located at altitude sites above 1500 m a.s.l.. The recharge altitudes are similar to those of Nave de Santo Antonio area which is directly located on the Braganca-Vilarica-Manteigas fault zone. This tectonic structure should play an important role in groundwater recharge and circulation towards the discharge zone at the Spas.
- Role of hydrogeological mapping in groundwater practice: back to basicsPublication . Chaminé, Helder I.; Carvalho, José Martins; Teixeira, José; Freitas, LilianaMaps are of key importance in groundwater professional practice and hydrogeology research, mainly in field data synthesis and communication related to a number of fields: regional hydrogeology, exploration hydrogeology, groundwater engineering, hydrogeophysics, hydrogeomorphology, urban groundwater, military geology/engineering, thermal water resources, planning, management and decision making on the water resources. This paper highlights the importance and necessity of accurate ground field surveys at several scales, water resources inventory and an integrated groundwater mapping as useful tools to support hydrogeological conceptualisation. Selected sites are highlighted to demonstrate the importance of groundwater mapping for assessment of water resources. Conceptualisation of groundwater systems must be grounded on Earth-based models and mathematical modelling to outline predicting scenarios. Thus, going back to basics is important to create a reliable conceptualization on groundwater systems established on cartographic reasoning.
- Site appraisal in fractured rock media: coupling engineering geological mapping and geotechnical modellingPublication . Chaminé, Helder I.; Afonso, Maria José; Trigo, José Filinto; Freitas, Liliana; Ramos, Luís; Carvalho, José MartinsGeotechnical surveys are based on collecting data from fieldwork and are a key element of rock-mass quality assessment in rock engineering. The lessons learned in several engineering projects underline the value of the accuracy of the basic geological and geotechnical data information related to the rock masses description and evaluation. An evaluation based on engineering geosciences, hydraulic and geotechnical features of rock masses involves combining parameters to derive quantitative geomechanical classifications for engineering design. In the present work, two selected sites are highlighted to demonstrate the importance of GIS mapping and models. Mapping and quantifying the on-site measurements’ information content and building a geo-database is vital for decision-making processes and risk assessment on sustainable engineering design with nature and hazards.