ISEP - Departamento de Matemática
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Browsing ISEP - Departamento de Matemática by Author "Alvim, Mário Rui"
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- A case study on the improvement of eco-efficiency ratios: application to a composite processing industryPublication . Ribeiro, M. C. S.; Meira Castro, Ana C.; Silva, Francisco J. G.; Alvim, Mário Rui; Costa, C.; Fiúza, António; Dinis, M. L.; Meixedo, João PauloThe World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) defines Eco-Efficiency as follows: ‘Eco- Efficiency is achieved by the delivery of competitively priced-goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life-cycle to a level at least in line with the earth’s estimated carrying capacity’. Eco-Efficiency is under this point of view a key concept for sustainable development, bringing together economic and ecological progress. Measuring the Eco-Efficiency of a company, factory or business, is a complex process that involves the measurement and control of several and relevant parameters or indicators, globally applied to all companies in general, or specific according to the nature and specificities of the business itself. In this study, an attempt was made in order to measure and evaluate the eco-efficiency of a pultruded composite processing company. For this purpose the recommendations of WBCSD [1] and the directives of ISO 14301 standard [2] were followed and applied. The analysis was restricted to the main business branch of the company: the production and sale of standard GFRP pultrusion profiles. The main general indicators of eco-efficiency, as well as the specific indicators, were defined and determined according to ISO 14031 recommendations. With basis on indicators’ figures, the value profile, the environmental profile, and the pertinent eco-efficiency’s ratios were established and analyzed. In order to evaluate potential improvements on company eco-performance, new indicators values and ecoefficiency ratios were estimated taking into account the implementation of new proceedings and procedures, both in upstream and downstream of the production process, namely: a) Adoption of new heating system for pultrusion die in the manufacturing process, more effective and with minor heat losses; b) Implementation of new software for stock management (raw materials and final products) that minimize production failures and delivery delays to final consumer; c) Recycling approach, with partial waste reuse of scrap material derived from manufacturing, cutting and assembly processes of GFRP profiles. In particular, the last approach seems to significantly improve the eco-efficient performance of the company. Currently, by-products and wastes generated in the manufacturing process of GFRP profiles are landfilled, with supplementary added costs to this company traduced by transport of scrap, landfill taxes and required test analysis to waste materials. However, mechanical recycling of GFRP waste materials, with reduction to powdered and fibrous particulates, constitutes a recycling process that can be easily attained on heavy-duty cutting mills. The posterior reuse of obtained recyclates, either into a close-looping process, as filler replacement of resin matrix of GFRP profiles, or as reinforcement of other composite materials produced by the company, will drive to both costs reduction in raw materials and landfill process, and minimization of waste landfill. These features lead to significant improvements on the sequent assessed eco-efficiency ratios of the present case study, yielding to a more sustainable product and manufacturing process of pultruded GFRP profiles.
- Finite Element Analysis (FEA) applied to heat transfer optimization process of pultrusion die systemsPublication . Silva, Francisco J. G.; Ferreira, F.; Costa, C.; Meira Castro, Ana C.; Meixedo, João Paulo; Alvim, Mário Rui; Santos, R. P. C.; Ribeiro, M. C. S.; Fiúza, António; Dinis, M. L.The aim of this study is to optimize the heat flow through the pultrusion die assembly system on the manufacturing process of a specific glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) pultrusion profile. The control of heat flow and its distribution through whole die assembly system is of vital importance in optimizing the actual GFRP pultrusion process. Through mathematical modeling of heating-die process, by means of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) program, an optimum heater selection, die position and temperature control was achieved. The thermal environment within the die was critically modeled relative not only to the applied heat sources, but also to the conductive and convective losses, as well as the thermal contribution arising from the exothermic reaction of resin matrix as it cures or polymerizes from the liquid to solid condition. Numerical simulation was validated with basis on thermographic measurements carried out on key points along the die during pultrusion process.
- Innovative manufacturing process for hybrid pultruded products based on cork and polymeric pre-shapesPublication . Silva, Francisco J. G.; Ribeiro, C.; Alvim, Mário Rui; Meira Castro, Ana C.; Meixedo, João PauloPultruded products are being targeted by a growing demand due to its excellent mechanical properties and low chemical reactivity, ensuring a low level of maintenance operations and allowing an easier assembly operation process than equivalent steel bars. In order to improve the mechanical drawing process and solve some acoustic and thermal insulation problems, pultruded pipes of glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRF) can be filled with special products that increase their performance regarding the issues previously referred. The great challenge of this work was drawing a new equipment able to produce pultruded pipes filled with cork or polymeric pre-shaped bars as a continuous process. The project was carried out successfully and the new equipment was built and integrated in the pultrusion equipment already existing, allowing to obtain news products with higher added-value in the market, covering some needs previously identified in the field of civil construction.
- Mathematical modeling and simulation of heat flow through pultrusion die assembly system for thermoset compositesPublication . Meira Castro, Ana C.; Meixedo, João Paulo; Fiúza, António; Dinis, M. L.; Ribeiro, M. C. S.; Alvim, Mário RuiPultrusion is an industrial process used to produce glass fibers reinforced polymers profiles. These materials are worldwide used when performing characteristics, such as great electrical and magnetic insulation, high strength to weight ratio, corrosion and weather resistance, long service life and minimal maintenance are required. In this study, we present the results of the modelling and simulation of heat flow through a pultrusion die by means of Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The numerical simulation was calibrated based on temperature profiles computed from thermographic measurements carried out during pultrusion manufacturing process. Obtained results have shown a maximum deviation of 7%, which is considered to be acceptable for this type of analysis, and is below to the 10% value, previously specified as maximum deviation. © 2011, Advanced Engineering Solutions.
- Mechanical behaviour analysis of polyester polymer mortars modified with recycled GFRP waste materialsPublication . Ribeiro, M. C. S.; Meixedo, João Paulo; Fiúza, António; Dinis, M. L.; Meira Castro, Ana C.; Silva, Francisco J. G.; Costa, C.; Ferreira, F.; Alvim, Mário RuiIn this study the effect of incorporation of recycled glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) waste materials, obtained by means of milling processes, on mechanical behaviour of polyester polymer mortars was assessed. For this purpose, different contents of recycled GFRP waste powder and fibres, with distinct size gradings, were incorporated into polyester based mortars as sand aggregates and filler replacements. Flexural and compressive loading capacities were evaluated and found better than unmodified polymer mortars. GFRP modified polyester based mortars also show a less brittle behaviour, with retention of some loading capacity after peak load. Obtained results highlight the high potential of recycled GFRP waste materials as efficient and sustainable reinforcement and admixture for polymer concrete and mortars composites, constituting an emergent waste management solution.
- Optimização do processo de pultrusãoPublication . Costa, C.; Ferreira, F.; Silva, Francisco J. G.; Meira Castro, Ana C.; Ribeiro, C.; Alvim, Mário RuiCada vez mais é necessário inovar e optimizar, sendo todos os processos susceptíveis a melhorias contínuas. A inovação e empenho no desenvolvimento destas novas soluções resultam do “know-how” já existente e da necessidade permanente de incrementar a produtividade com vista a uma maior competitividade, a flexibilidade e assegurar simultaneamente a qualidade dos produtos manufacturados. Com vista a incrementar a flexibilidade, torna-se necessário reduzir significativamente os tempos de “set-up” e o ”lead-time”, com vista a assegurar a entrega dos produtos de forma cada vez mais rápida. Este objectivo pode ser conseguido através de uma normalização dos elementos que constituem a linha de pultrusão. Implicitamente, observa-se um aumento de produtividade com esta medida. Neste trabalho pretende-se optimizar e flexibilizar todo o processo de pultrusão de perfis estruturais. Foram considerados todos os elementos do sistema, desde o armazém das fibras (“rack”) até à fieira de pultrusão. Foi dedicada particular atenção ao sistema de guiamento das fibras e mantas, à tina onde as fibras são impregnadas em resina, normalizadas as placas de posicionamento das fibras em direcção à entrada da fieira e revisto todo o processo de montagem e fixação da fieira, assim como o sistema de aquecimento da mesma. Com a implementação destes novos sistemas foi conseguida uma poupança significativa de tempo de “set-up” e foram claramente reduzidos os custos unitários de produção. A garantia de qualidade foi também incrementada.
- PLSR Models for Mechanical Strengths of Concrete Composite Materials Reinforced with Pultrusion WastesPublication . Meira Castro, Ana C.; Ribeiro, M. C. S.; Meixedo, Joao Paulo; Silva, Francisco; Alvim, Mário Rui; Fiúza, António; Dinis, M. L.In this paper, we present two Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) models for compressive and flexural strength responses of a concrete composite material reinforced with pultrusion wastes. The main objective is to characterize this cost-effective waste management solution for glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) pultrusion wastes and end-of-life products that will lead, thereby, to a more sustainable composite materials industry. The experiments took into account formulations with the incorporation of three different weight contents of GFRP waste materials into polyester based mortars, as sand aggregate and filler replacements, two waste particle size grades and the incorporation of silane adhesion promoter into the polyester resin matrix in order to improve binder aggregates interfaces. The regression models were achieved for these data and two latent variables were identified as suitable, with a 95% confidence level. This technological option, for improving the quality of GFRP filled polymer mortars, is viable thus opening a door to selective recycling of GFRP waste and its use in the production of concrete-polymer based products. However, further and complementary studies will be necessary to confirm the technical and economic viability of the process.
- Re-use assessment of thermoset composite wastes as aggregate and filler replacement for concrete-polymer composite materials: a case study regarding GFRP pultrusion wastesPublication . C. S. Ribeiro, Maria; Meira Castro, Ana C.; Silva, Francisco; Santos, Jorge M.; Meixedo, Joao Paulo; Fiúza, António; Dinis, M. L.; Alvim, Mário RuiGlass fibre-reinforced plastics (GFRP), nowadays commonly used in the construction, transportation and automobile sectors, have been considered inherently difficult to recycle due to both the cross-linked nature of thermoset resins, which cannot be remoulded, and the complex composition of the composite itself, which includes glass fibres, polymer matrix and different types of inorganic fillers. Hence, to date, most of the thermoset based GFRP waste is being incinerated or landfilled leading to negative environmental impacts and additional costs to producers and suppliers. With an increasing awareness of environmental matters and the subsequent desire to save resources, recycling would convert an expensive waste disposal into a profitable reusable material. In this study, the effect of the incorporation of mechanically recycled GFRP pultrusion wastes on flexural and compressive behaviour of polyester polymer mortars (PM) was assessed. For this purpose, different contents of GFRP recyclates (0%, 4%, 8% and 12%, w/w), with distinct size grades (coarse fibrous mixture and fine powdered mixture), were incorporated into polyester PM as sand aggregates and filler replacements. The effect of the incorporation of a silane coupling agent was also assessed. Experimental results revealed that GFRP waste filled polymer mortars show improved mechanical behaviour over unmodified polyester based mortars, thus indicating the feasibility of GFRP waste reuse as raw material in concrete-polymer composites.
- Reusability assessment of thermoset polymeric composite wastes as reinforcement and filler replacement for polymer concrete materialsPublication . Ribeiro, M. C. S.; Dinis, M. L.; Fiúza, António; Meira Castro, Ana C.; Silva, Francisco J. G.; Meixedo, João Paulo; Costa, C.; Ferreira, F.; Alvim, Mário RuiThe development and applications of thermoset polymeric composites, namely fiber reinforced polymers (FRP), have shifted in the last decades more and more into the mass market [1]. Production and consume have increased tremendously mainly for the construction, transportation and automobile sectors [2, 3]. Although the many successful uses of thermoset composite materials, recycling process of byproducts and end of lifecycle products constitutes a more difficult issue. The perceived lack of recyclability of composite materials is now increasingly important and seen as a key barrier to the development or even continued used of these materials in some markets.
- Saving energy in the GFRP pultrusion processPublication . Silva, Francisco J. G.; Ribeiro, M. C. S.; Meira Castro, Ana C.; Alvim, Mário Rui; Meixedo, João Paulo; Fiúza, António; Dinis, M. L.This study addresses to the optimization of pultrusion manufacturing process from the energy-consumption point of view. The die heating system of external platen heaters commonly used in the pultrusion machines is one of the components that contribute the most to the high consumption of energy of pultrusion process. Hence, instead of the conventional multi-planar heaters, a new internal die heating system that leads to minor heat losses is proposed. The effect of the number and relative position of the embedded heaters along the die is also analysed towards the setting up of the optimum arrangement that minimizes both the energy rate and consumption. Simulation and optimization processes were greatly supported by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and calibrated with basis on the temperature profile computed through thermography imaging techniques. The main outputs of this study allow to conclude that the use of embedded cylindrical resistances instead of external planar heaters leads to drastic reductions of both the power consumption and the warm-up periods of the die heating system. For the analysed die tool and process, savings on energy consumption up to 60% and warm-up period stages less than an half hour were attained with the new internal heating system. The improvements achieved allow reducing the power requirements on pultrusion process, and thus minimize industrial costs and contribute to a more sustainable pultrusion manufacturing industry.