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O presente trabalho de dissertação, para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Biorrecursos pelo ISEP, decorreu no seguimento de um projeto da unidade de Ambiente e Fogo do INEGI. Sendo o principal objetivo a avaliação dos impactes ambientais associados ao ciclo de vida de um painel de aglomerado de partículas, com dimensões de 220×220×16 mm3 , produzido à escala piloto com subprodutos da planta cardo como material estrutural e amido de batata como bioadesivo. A crise climática que enfrentámos exige a colaboração de governos, organizações, empresas, cidadãos e indústrias em adotar estratégias sustentáveis e procurar alternativas mais amigas do ambiente. Por isso, a avaliação dos impactes ambientais de produtos e processos é um contributo fundamental para ajudar a alcançar os 17 ODS da ONU. O uso de matérias-primas biológicas, renováveis, biodegradáveis, funcionais e economicamente viáveis, como o cardo e o amido de batata, é um exemplo dessas alternativas. Nessa perspetiva, o trabalho desenvolvido ao longo do estágio consistiu na pesquisa e análise do estado de arte e na aplicação da metodologia de ACV a uma unidade de PB de cardo com recurso à ferramenta Microsoft Excel, segundo o método ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (E) V1.02 e como base de dados de inventário o EcoInvent V3.5, consultado através do software SimaPro V8.5.2. De forma a complementar a análise ambiental, analisaram-se os COVs presentes no painel aplicando a técnica de “headspace activo”. Recorreu-se ainda ao programa Aspen Plus V9 para simulação do processo de aquecimento no fabrico do adesivo biológico e obtenção de dados associados a esta etapa. No presente estudo, apenas uma parte do ciclo de vida do PB de cardo foi avaliada, não tendo sido considerados potenciais impactes associados às emissões durante o processo, com destaque para a perda de água, o cultivo e processamento do cardo, fabricação dos equipamentos utilizados, acabamento do painel, transporte, uso e disposição final. Esta última constitui uma das maiores limitações para que os impactes ambientais determinados neste estudo representem a realidade do painel, que idealmente é quando se considera o ciclo de vida completo deste produto. Apesar das limitações, a metodologia de ACV é uma ferramenta importante para avaliar os impactes ambientais tendo-se concluído ao longo deste estudo de ACV que o consumo de energia é a principal fonte de impacte ambiental associado à produção do PB de cardo. Verifica-se ainda, que a substituição de adesivos à base de formaldeído por amido de batata apresenta algumas vantagens por ser de origem biológica e local, o que possibilita a redução de impactes a nível de transporte, no entanto, a prensagem a quente, necessária para a utilização do amido de batata, é a principal etapa responsável pelo consumo energético. Assim, conclui-se que esta etapa é das com mais potenciais impactes associados e, consequentemente, a utilização do adesivo de amido está na base dos potenciais impactes ambientais determinados no sistema em estudo. Em conclusão, para minimizar os impactes ambientais, é necessário estudar e comparar a utilização de matérias-primas alternativas, destaque para o amido, utilizar equipamentos/etapas mais eficientes e, principalmente, optar por fontes de energia renováveis como, por exemplo, energia fotovoltaica como uma opção mais vantajosa quando comparada com o mix energético português, que permite melhorar o desempenho energético do sistema em estudo e, por isso, minimizar os potenciais impactes ambientais do painel de aglomerado de partículas de cardo e, assim, avançar em direção a uma indústria de produção de painéis de aglomerado mais sustentável.
This dissertation work, to obtain the master’s degree in Bioresources at ISEP, took place following a project from the Environment and Fire unit at INEGI. The main objective is to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the life cycle of a particleboard panel, with dimensions of 220×220×16 mm3 , produced on a pilot scale with by-products of the cardoon plant as structural material and potato starch as bio sticker. The climate crisis we face requires the collaboration of governments, organizations, companies, citizens and industries to adopt sustainable strategies and seek more environmentally friendly alternatives. Therefore, assessing the environmental impacts of products and processes is a fundamental contribution to helping achieve the 17 SDGs. The use of biological, renewable, biodegradable, functional and economically viable raw materials such as cardoon and potato starch is an example of these alternatives. From this perspective, the work developed throughout the internship consisted of research and analysis of the state of the art and the application of the LCA methodology to a cardoon CP unit using the Microsoft Excel tool, according to the ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (E) V1.02 method and EcoInvent V3.5 as the inventory database, consulted using the SimaPro V8.5.2 software. In order to complement the environmental analysis, the VOCs present in the panel were analysed, applying the “active headspace” technique. The Aspen Plus V9 program was also used to simulate the heating process in the manufacture of the biological adhesive and obtain data associated with this stage. In the present study, only part of the cardoon PB life cycle was evaluated, and potential impacts associated with emissions during the process were not considered, with emphasis on water loss, cardoon cultivation and processing, manufacturing of equipment used, panel finishing, transportation, use and final disposal. This is one of the biggest limitations for the environmental impacts determined in this study to represent the reality of the panel, which ideally is when considering the complete life cycle of this product. Despite the limitations, the LCA methodology is an important tool for evaluating environmental impacts and, concluding throughout this LCA study that energy consumption is the main source of environmental impact associated with the production of cardoon PB. It can also be seen that the replacement of formaldehyde-based adhesives with potato starch has some advantages as it is of biological and local origin, which makes it possible to reduce transport impacts, however, hot pressing, which is necessary for the use of potato starch, it is the main stage responsible for energy consumption, thus concluding that the pressing stage is one of the stages with the most potential associated impacts and, consequently, the use of the starch adhesive is at the basis of the potential environmental impacts determined in the system under study. In conclusion, to minimize environmental impacts, it is necessary to study and compare the use of alternative raw materials, especially starch, use more efficient equipment/steps and, mainly, opt for renewable energy sources such as, for example, photovoltaic energy as a more advantageous option, when compared to the Portuguese energy mix, which allows improving the energy performance of the system under study and, therefore, minimizing the potential environmental impacts of the cardoon particle board panel and, thus, moving towards a more sustainable chipboard production industry.
This dissertation work, to obtain the master’s degree in Bioresources at ISEP, took place following a project from the Environment and Fire unit at INEGI. The main objective is to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the life cycle of a particleboard panel, with dimensions of 220×220×16 mm3 , produced on a pilot scale with by-products of the cardoon plant as structural material and potato starch as bio sticker. The climate crisis we face requires the collaboration of governments, organizations, companies, citizens and industries to adopt sustainable strategies and seek more environmentally friendly alternatives. Therefore, assessing the environmental impacts of products and processes is a fundamental contribution to helping achieve the 17 SDGs. The use of biological, renewable, biodegradable, functional and economically viable raw materials such as cardoon and potato starch is an example of these alternatives. From this perspective, the work developed throughout the internship consisted of research and analysis of the state of the art and the application of the LCA methodology to a cardoon CP unit using the Microsoft Excel tool, according to the ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (E) V1.02 method and EcoInvent V3.5 as the inventory database, consulted using the SimaPro V8.5.2 software. In order to complement the environmental analysis, the VOCs present in the panel were analysed, applying the “active headspace” technique. The Aspen Plus V9 program was also used to simulate the heating process in the manufacture of the biological adhesive and obtain data associated with this stage. In the present study, only part of the cardoon PB life cycle was evaluated, and potential impacts associated with emissions during the process were not considered, with emphasis on water loss, cardoon cultivation and processing, manufacturing of equipment used, panel finishing, transportation, use and final disposal. This is one of the biggest limitations for the environmental impacts determined in this study to represent the reality of the panel, which ideally is when considering the complete life cycle of this product. Despite the limitations, the LCA methodology is an important tool for evaluating environmental impacts and, concluding throughout this LCA study that energy consumption is the main source of environmental impact associated with the production of cardoon PB. It can also be seen that the replacement of formaldehyde-based adhesives with potato starch has some advantages as it is of biological and local origin, which makes it possible to reduce transport impacts, however, hot pressing, which is necessary for the use of potato starch, it is the main stage responsible for energy consumption, thus concluding that the pressing stage is one of the stages with the most potential associated impacts and, consequently, the use of the starch adhesive is at the basis of the potential environmental impacts determined in the system under study. In conclusion, to minimize environmental impacts, it is necessary to study and compare the use of alternative raw materials, especially starch, use more efficient equipment/steps and, mainly, opt for renewable energy sources such as, for example, photovoltaic energy as a more advantageous option, when compared to the Portuguese energy mix, which allows improving the energy performance of the system under study and, therefore, minimizing the potential environmental impacts of the cardoon particle board panel and, thus, moving towards a more sustainable chipboard production industry.
Description
Keywords
Avaliação de ciclo de vida Cardo Cynara cardunculus L. Economia circular Materiais renováveis Painel de aglomerado de partículas Sustentabilidade Compostos orgânicos voláteis Life cycle assessment Cardoon Cynara cardunculus L. Circular economy Renewable materials Particleboard Sustainability Volatile organic compounds